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    GNSS4

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    Jovial O'Brian
    The document discusses how GPS satellites and receivers use pseudo-random codes for signal amplification, synchronization of clocks, and security. It also describes the different levels of accuracy that can be achieved with autonomous GPS compared to differential GPS and real-time kinematic GPS.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    GNSS4

    Uploaded by

    Jovial O'Brian
    6 views15 pages
    The document discusses how GPS satellites and receivers use pseudo-random codes for signal amplification, synchronization of clocks, and security. It also describes the different levels of accuracy that can be achieved with autonomous GPS compared to differential GPS and real-time kinematic GPS.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses how GPS satellites and receivers use pseudo-random codes for signal amplification, synchronization of clocks, and security. It also describes the different levels of accuracy that can be achieved with autonomous GPS compared to differential GPS and real-time kinematic GPS.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    6 views15 pages

    GNSS4

    Uploaded by

    Jovial O'Brian
    The document discusses how GPS satellites and receivers use pseudo-random codes for signal amplification, synchronization of clocks, and security. It also describes the different levels of accuracy that can be achieved with autonomous GPS compared to differential GPS and real-time kinematic GPS.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Psuedo-Random Code

    • GPS satellites and receivers


    communicate via pseudo-random-
    code (PRC) signals.
    • PRC has three advantages:
    1. Enhances signal over background
    2. Allows synchronization of satellite and
    receiver clocks
    3. Military can change the code and switch of
    system if necessary

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    PRC Signal Amplification
    • Uses correlation of
    peaks between
    generated random
    signal and truly
    random background
    noise to enhance
    signal
    • Allows receiver to
    work without a big
    satellite dish!

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    PRC Synchronization
    • GPS receiver
    generates the same
    PRC as satellite, i.e.
    they start “counting” at
    the same time.
    • By determining how far off the satellite and
    receiver are in their counting, determines
    difference in time it took for signal to reach
    receiver.

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    PRC Synchronization
    • How do we assure
    satellite and receiver
    start counting at same
    time, i.e. clocks are
    synchronized?

    • The trick is to use a 4th satellite to over-


    specify position. This allow timing to be
    corrected by the receiver

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    Accuracy of GPS

    Autonomous Accuracy 15 - 100 meters

    Differential GPS
    Accuracy 0.5 - 5 meters
    (DGPS)
    Real-Time
    Kinematic Float Accuracy 20cm - 1 meter
    (RTK Float)
    Real-Time
    Kinematic Fixed Accuracy 1cm - 5 cm
    (RTK Fixed)

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    GPS Signals
    GPS satellites broadcast on three different frequencies, and each
    frequency (or career wave) has some information or codes on it. You
    can think of it as three different radio stations broadcasting several
    different programs. The table below lists the signals and the contents:

    L1 Career L2 Career L3 Career


    19 cm wavelength 24 cm wavelength
    1575.42 M Hz 1227.6 M Hz
    Data not available
    C/A Code P Code
    Navigation Navigation Message

    •P Code : Reserved for direct use only by the military


    •C/A Code : Used for rougher positioning
    •For Single frequency use only L1 career is used
    •For Double frequency, L1/L2/L3 career is used
    •The navigation message (usually referred to as the ephemeris) tells us where the satellites are located, in WGS-84.

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    Different types GPS locations
    • Autonomous Positions
    (C/A signal, 5-15 m accuracy)
    • Real-Time Differential GPS
    (C/A signal, 0.5-5 )
    • Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Float
    (C/A and Carrier, 0.2-1 m)
    • Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Fixed
    (C/A and Carrier, 1-5 cm)
    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS
    Differential GPS (DGPS)
    • Error due to signal
    transmission through
    the atmosphere can be
    corrected using DGPS
    • Atmospheric errors are
    the same over short
    distances.
    • Error in base station,
    can be removed from
    remote (roving) receiver
    position, and code
    phase signal.

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    Code vs. Carrier Phase
    • Satellites generate Code Phase and
    Carrier Phase signals.
    • Code phase is used by hand-held
    GPS
    • Carrier phase used by surveying
    instruments, navigational systems

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    Differential Code GPS (Navigation)
    • Differential corrections may be used in
    real-time or later, with post-processing
    techniques.
    • Real-time corrections can be transmitted
    by radio link. The U.S. Coast Guard
    maintains a network of differential
    monitors and transmits DGPS corrections
    over radio beacons covering much of the
    U.S. coastline.

    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS


    RTK (Differential Carrier GPS)
    • RTK is based on using many (~5
    satellites) to resolve timing.
    • Produces very accurate
    measurements because using carrier
    phase.
    • Requires advance tracking of
    satellites, and better signal resolution
    (bigger antennae and more power)
    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS
    Measures of Precision
    • The symmetry of the satellites will
    control the level of precision
    • These symmetry
    factors are

    known as
    • GDOP
    • PDOP
    • VDOP

    12
    05/06/24 GLY560: GIS
    The “Pseudo-range”
     Satellite sends binary code

    0001101011001000100110100101110101110101

    0101100100010011010010111010111010100011

     Receiver generates same binary code that it should be


    hearing from the satellite at a particular time
    • Difference between what it should hear and what it does hear is the
    time delay (5 units in diagram)
    • Range Distance = Time Delay * Speed of Light
    • Not the true range; part of the time delay is due to Receiver Clock
    Offset ~ hence “pseudo-range”

    14
    “Carrier Phase” Measurement
     Distance from the satellite to the user’s antenna can also
    be expressed in terms of the number of wavelengths of
    the underlying signal carrying the codes.

    • Wavelength of GPS L1 carrier = 19 centimetres;


    • Fractional part (“phase”) of a given wavelength, can be
    measured to 1/100 of a wavelength ~ resolution of 2mm;
    • Enables position relative to a known point with centimetre accuracy;
    • Dual frequency measurements most reliable but accessing L2 carrier
    signal has required expensive receivers – Will full L2C signal availability
    change that?

    15

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