TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIAL

UNIT II: FOURIER SERIES

Periodic Functions
 f  

0


T
 a0  
f      an cos n   bn sin n
2 n 1 n 1
 Definition of a Fourier series
A Fourier series may be defined as an expansion of a function in
a series of sines and cosines such as

a0  
f x     an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

The coefficients are related to the periodic function f(x)

Henceforth we assume f satisfies the following
(Dirichlet) conditions:
(1) f(x) is a periodic function;
(2) f(x) has only a finite number of finite
discontinuities;
(3) f(x) has only a finite number of extrem values,
maxima and minima in the
interval [0,2p].
0

0  2

cos q cos 2q cos 3q

0

0  2

sin q sin 2q sin 3q

A Fourier series is a convenient representation of a periodic
function.

A Fourier series consists of a sum of sines and cosine terms.

Sines and cosines are the most fundamental periodic functions.

 Fourier series
  ,   0 ,2  

 
a0
f x     an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR (-π,π)

1 
a0 
   f x dx


1 
an   f x cos nx dx n  1, 2, 
  

1 
bn   f x sin nx dx n  1, 2, 
  
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR (0,2π)

1 2
f x dx

a0 
0

1 2
f x cos nx dx

an  n  1, 2, 
0

1 2
f x sin nx dx

bn  n  1, 2, 
0
 Fourier series
(l , l ) (0,2l )

a0 
 nx  
 nx 
f x     an cos    bn sin  
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR (l , l )
1 l
a0   f x  dx
l l

 nx 
l
1
an   f ( x ) cos dx
l l  l 

 nx 
l
1
bn   f ( x ) sin  dx
l l  l 
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR (0,2l )

1 2l
a0   f x  dx
l 0

 nx 
2l
1
an   f ( x ) cos dx
l 0  l 

 nx 
2l
1
bn   f ( x ) sin  dx
l 0  l 
Interval Parsevals Identity

(l , l ) l 2
a02
 

1
  
l l
f ( x ) dx   a 2
n  bn
2

2 n 1

2l 2

 

1 a02
  
l 0
(0,2l ) f ( x ) dx   a 2
n  bn
2

2 n 1

 2
a02
 

1
  ,      n n
 
f ( x ) dx   a 2
 b 2

2 n 1

 2

 

1 a02
0 ,2      n n
 
f ( x ) dx   a 2
 b 2

2 n 1
 Even and Odd Functions
Even Functions

f(q) The value of the function would be

the same when we walk equal
distances along the X-axis in
q
opposite directions.

Mathematically speaking -

f     f  
 Odd Functions

f(q)

The value of the function would

change its sign but with the same
q
magnitude when we walk equal
distances along the X-axis in
opposite directions.

Mathematically speaking -

f      f  
Even functions can solely be represented by cosine
waves because, cosine waves are even functions. A
sum of even functions is another even function.
Odd functions can solely be represented by sine waves
because, sine waves are odd functions. A sum of odd
functions is another odd function.
The Fourier series of an even function f x 
is expressed in terms of a cosine series.


a0
f x     an cos nx
2 n 1

The Fourier series of an odd function f x 

is expressed in terms of a sine series.


f x    bn sin nx
n 1
1. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 2π. Hence
deduce that

1 1 1 2
(i ) 2
 2  2  .............. 
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 2
(ii ) 2  2  2  .............. 
1 2 3 12
1 1 1 2
(iii ) 2  2  2  .............. 
1 3 5 8
. Fourier series is


a0
f ( x) 
2
  (a
n 1
n cos nx  bn sin nx )

2 2
1 1
a0   f ( x) dx  x
2
dx
 0
 0

2
1 x  3

 
 3

0

1  8 3 
   0
  3 

8 2

3
 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0

2
1
  cos nx dx
2
x
 0

2
1  2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 ( x )   (2 x)   (2) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0

1  ( 4 ) (1)  
 0   0   0  0  0
  n2 



4

n2
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

2
1
  sin nx dx
2
x
 0

2
1  2   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx 
  ( x )   ( 2 x )   ( 2 ) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0

1  4 2 2  2 
    0  3   0  0  3 
  n n   n 

4

n
 
a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

1  8 2    4 4 
      2 cos nx  sin nx 
2  3  n 1  n n 

4 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 

f ( x)   4 2  2  2  ...............  4     ............
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 

Put x = 0 in the above series we get

4 2 1 1 1 
f ( 0)   4  2  2  2  ............  4 (0) --------------- (1)
3 1 2 3 
 But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have
f (0)  f (2 ) (0)  (4 2 )
f ( 0)    2 2
2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes

4 2
1 1 1 
2 
2
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 
4 2
1 1 1 
2 
2
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 

2 2 1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 
2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ................        ( 2)
6 1 2 3
Now, put x = π (which is point of continuity) in the above series we get

4 2  1 1 1 
2   4  2  2  2  ............  4 (0)
3  1 2 3 

4 2 1 1 1 
  2
  4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 

2 1 1 1 
   4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ................        (3)
12 1 2 3
Adding (2) and (3), we get

2 2 1 1 1 
  2  2  2  2  ............
6 12 1 3 5 

3 2 1 1 1 
 2  2  2  2  ............
12 1 3 5 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ................
8 1 3 5
 2. Expand in Fourier series of f(x) = x sinx for 0 < x < 2π and deduce
the result

1 1 1  2
   .......... 
1.3 3.5 5.7 4

Sol. Fourier series is

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

2
1
a0 
  0
f ( x ) dx
 2
1

  x sin x dx
0

1
 x ( cos x)  (1)(  sin x)02


1
 (2  0)  (0  0)


 2
 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0

2
1

  x sin x cos nx dx
0
2
1

2  x(2 cos nx sin x) dx
0

2
1

2  x sin( n  1) x  sin( n  1) x dx ,
0
n 1
 2 2
1 1

2 0 x sin( n  1) x dx  2  x sin( n  1) x dx
0
2
1    cos( n  1) x    sin( n  1) x 
 ( x )   (1) 
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
2
1    cos( n  1) x    sin( n  1) x 
 ( x)   (1) 
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0

Note: 2n2
( 1) 1
2n2
( 1) 1
 1   2 (1) 2 n 2   1   2 (1) 2 n2  
   0  0  0    0  0  0
2  n 1   2  n 1  

1 1
 
n 1 n 1

 (n  1)  (n  1)
an 
(n  1)( n  1)

2
an  2 , n 1
n 1
 When n = 1, we have
2 2
1 1
a1 
  f ( x) cos x dx
0

  x sin x cos x dx
0

2
1

2  x sin 2 x dx
0

2
1    cos 2 x    sin 2 x 
  x   (1) 
2   2   4  0

1    1   
  2    0  (0  0) 
2    2   
1

2
 2 2
1 1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  x sin x sin nx dx
0

2
1

2  x(2 sin nx sin x) dx
0

2
1

2  x cos(n  1) x  cos(n  1) x dx
0
, n 1

2 2
1 1

2 0 x cos(n  1) x dx  2  x cos(n  1) x dx
0
 2
1   sin( n  1) x    cos( n  1) x 
 ( x)   (1) 
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0
2
1   sin( n  1) x    cos( n  1) x 
 ( x)   (1) 
2   n 1   (n  1)
2
 0

1  (1) 2 n 2   1  1  (1) 2 n  2   1 
 0   0
2   2 
 0   0
2   2 
2  (n  1)   (n  1)  2  ( n  1)   ( n  1) 

1  1   1  1  1   1 
 0   0
2  2 
 0   0
2  2 
2  (n  1)   (n  1)  2  ( n  1)   ( n  1) 

bn  0 , n  1
When n = 1, we have
2 2
1 1
b1 
  f ( x) sin x dx
0

  x sin x sin x dx
0

2 2
1 1  1  cos 2 x 

  x sin
2
x dx 
 
0
x
 2
 dx

0

2
1 x   sin 2 x 
2
  cos 2 x  
    x   (1)  
2  2   2   4   0
1   1   1 
  2  0     0  0  
2

2   2   2 


 
a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
 
a0
  a1 cos x   a n cos nx  b1 sin x   bn sin nx
2 n2 n2

2 1 
2
  cos x   cos nx   sin x  0
2 2 n  2 ( n  1)( n  1)

1  cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x cos 5 x 

x sin x  1  cos x   sin x  2      ..................
2  1.3 2.4 3.5 4 .6 
Put x = in the above series we get

  1 1 1 
(1)  1  0   (1)  2   0  0  0  ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 

 1 1 1 
   1  2     ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 

  2  2  1 1 1 
 2     ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 

  2 1 1 1 
 2     ..................
2 1.3 3.5 5.7 
 2 1 1 1
    .................
4 1.3 3.5 5.7
  1, 0 x  
3. Find the Fourier series of f ( x)  
 2,   x  2

Hence evaluate the value of the series

1 1 1
2
 2  2  ................
1 3 5

Sol. Fourier series is


a0
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
 2  2
1 1 1
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0

  (1) dx    (2) dx
0

1 2
 x 0
 x 2
 

1 2
 (  0)  (2   )
 

 1 2  3
 2  2
1 1 1
an 
 0 f ( x) cos nx dx   0 (1) cos nx dx    (2) cos nx dx

 2
1  sin nx  2  sin nx 
   
  n  0   n  


1 2
 (0  0)  (0  0)
 

 0
 2  2
1 1 1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  (1) sin nx dx    (2) sin nx dx
0

 2
1   cos nx  2   cos nx 
   
  n  0   n  


1 2
 [( 1) n  1]  [1  ( 1) n ]
n n


1
n

 ( 1) n  1  2  2( 1) n 
( 1) n  1

n
 
a0
f ( x)    ( a n cos nx  bn sin nx )
2 n 1

3   (1) n  1 
   0. cos nx  sin nx 
2 n 1  n 

3 2  sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 

      .........................
2  1 2 3 
When we put x = 0, , π, 2π we will not get the given series.
So, using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have

2 2 
1 a0
   (a n  bn )
2 2
[ f ( x)] dx 
2

 0
2 n 1

1

1
2 2
(3)  
  0 

(1)  1 
n 2

 0 
(1) 2
dx  (2) dx 
2

 2 n 1  n2 2


1  4 2 9 1  4 4 4 
x0  x   2  2  0  2  0  2  0  ..................
  2  1 3 5 

1 4 9 4 1 1 1 
  0  2      2  2  2  2  ..................
  2  1 3 5 
 9 4 1 1 1 
5   2  2  2  2  ..................
2  1 3 5 

1 4 1 1 1 
 2  
12 3 2 5 2  .......... ........
2   

 2
1 1 1
 2  2  2  .................
8 1 3 5
 4.Find the Fourier series expansion for the function

f ( x)    x , in 0  x  2 with period 2

1 1
Hence deduce the sum of 1    ...
3 5

Solution:

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

2
1
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0
 2
1

  (  x)dx
0

2
1  (  x)  2
  
 2 0


1
2

 2  2 

0
 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0

2
1

  (  x) cos nxdx
0

2 2

1   sin nx    cos nx   
   x     1  
  n  0   n
2
 0 

1
 1  1  0
n
2
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
1

  (  x) sin nxdx
0

2 2

1   cos nx    sin nx   
   x      1   
  n  0  
2
n  0  
1 1 
        0
 n 

2

n
 
sin nx
Hence f ( x )    x  2
n 1 n
1 1 
The required series 1    ... can be obtained by putting x 
3 5 2
 
sin nx
   2
2 n 1 n
   1 2 1 3 1 4 
 2 sin  sin  sin  sin  ...
2  2 2 2 3 2 4 2 
  1 1 
 2 1    ... 
2  3 5 

 1 1  
1  3  5  ...   4
 
 2 2
1   x 
  
 0 2 
 dx

2
1  (  x) 3
  
4  3 0


1
12

 3  3 
2

6
2

6
 4.Find the Fourier series expansion for the function
2
  x 
f ( x)    , in 0  x  2 with period 2 . Hence Pr ove that
 2 

1 2

n 1 n 2

6

Solution:

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

2
1
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0
 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0

2 2
1  x 
   cos nxdx
 0 2 
2 2 2
1  2 sin nx     cos nx      sin nx  

   x      2  x   2    2  1  
4   n  0   n  0   n 3
 0 

2

1   2  

 0     x  cos nx   0 
4 
 n
2
0 


2
      
1
4n 2
n2
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2 2
1   x 

  
0
2
 sin nxdx


2 2 2
1 
   cos nx     sin nx     cos nx   

    x 2
     2   x       2  1  
4 
  n  0   n 2
 0   n 3
 0  


1 1
4  n
 2
 
 2
 0 
2
n 3
1  1


 

=0
 2
  x  2
Hence 
cos nx
    2
 2  12 n 1 n

putting x  0

 2
 2 
1
 
4 12 n 1 n2


1 2 2

n 1 n 2

4

12
2

6
5. Obtain the fourier exp ansion of 1  cos x in the int erval 0  x  2

1 1
and hence deduce that  
n 1 4n 2  1 2

Solution:

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

2
1
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0
5. Obtain the fourier exp ansion of 1  cos x in the int erval 0  x  2

1 1
and hence deduce that  
n 1 4n 2  1 2

Solution:

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

2
1
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0
 2
1
a0 
 0
1  cos x dx

2
1 x

 
0
2 sin dx
2
2
2  cos x 
  2
  1 
 2 0

2 2
  1  1

4 2


 2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0

2
1

 
0
1  cos x cos nx dx

2
1 x

 
0
2 sin cos nxdx
2
 2
2 1 1  1  
  sin   n  x  sin   n  x dx
 0 2 2  2  

2
 1  1  
 cos   n  x cos   n x 
2 2   2  
 
2  1
n
1
n 
 2 2 
0

Since
1 
cos  n  2  1
2 
1 
cos  n  2  1
2 
    
2   1 1   1 1 
  1    
2   n 1  n   1  n 1  n 
   
 2 2  2 2 

  1 1 
2 2 1 1  2 2
 n   n
 1    2
2   n 1  n   
  1
n 2

2 2   4 

2 4 

 1  4n 2 
 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
1

 
0
1  cos x sin nx dx

2
1 x

 
0
2 sin sin nxdx
2

2
1 1
2  1  
  cos  n  x  cos  n  x dx
 0 2 2  2  
 2
 1  1  
 sin   n  x sin   n  x 
2 2   2   0
 
2  1
n
1
n 
 2 2 
0


2 2 4 2
Hence f ( x)   cos nx
 
n 1  1  4 n2
putting x  0

2 2 4 2
f ( 0)  
  
n 1  4 n  1
2

 f ( 0)  0

1 1

n 1 4 n  1
2

2
6.Find the Fourier series for f ( x )  e ax in 0,2 
 
a0
Solution: f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

2
1
a0 
 
0
f ( x ) dx

2
1
 e
ax
dx
 0

2
1 e  ax

  a  0


1 2 a
a
e 1  
 1  e a  e  a 
  
a  e  a  

e a
 2 sinh a 
a

e x  ex
sinh x 
2
 2 2
1 1
  cos nxdx
ax
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0
 0
e

2
1 e ax

  2 a cos nx  n sin nx 
 a  n 2
0

note :
ax
e
 cos bxdx  a 2  b 2 a cos bx  b sin bx 
ax
e

cos 2n  1
sin 2n  0


1
a n 
2 2
ae
 
2 a
a 

a  a
a e  e 
 2
 

a n   e
2  a 


a
2ae
 2 sinh a

a n 
2

 2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2
1
  sin nxdx
ax
e
 0

2
1 e ax

  2 a sin nx  n cos nx 
 a  n 2
0

note :
ax
e
 sin bxdx  a 2  b 2 a sin bx  b cos bx 
ax
e
 1

2 a
 2 2  ne  n

a n   

 2

n
a n 
2
e
 
2 a
1 

 2ne a
 2 sinh a

a n 2

7.Find the fourier series expansion for the function f(x) = 1 + x + x2 in
(–π, π). Deduce

1 1 1 2
2
 2  2  .............. 
1 2 3 6
Sol. The given function is neither an even nor an odd function.

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1

 
1 1
a0   f ( x) dx     2
(1 x x ) dx
 
 
 
1 x2
x 
3
 x   
 2 3  

1   2  3    2  3 
          
  2 3  2 3 

1 2 3  2 2
 2    2
 3  3
  
1 1
an   f ( x) cos nx dx     2
(1 x x ) cos nx dx
 
 


1 2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 (1  x  x )   (1  2 x)   (2) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
  

1  (1  2 ) (1) n   (1  2 ) (1) n 
 0   0  0   0 
  n 2
  n 2

 (1) n
 1  2  1  2 
n 2

(1) n 4 (1) n
 (4 ) 
n 2
n2

cos n  ( 1) n

sin n  0
cos n(  )  cos n
 ( 1) n
  
1 1
bn   f ( x) sin nx dx     2
(1 x x ) sin nx dx
 
 


1 2   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx 
 (1  x  x )   (1  2 x)   (2) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
  

1  (  1) n
2 ( 1) n
  (  1) n
2 (  1) n

  (1     )
2
 0  3    (1     )
2
 0  3 
  n n   n n 
 
(1) n
n

1    2 1    2 

(1) n  2 (1) n 2 (1) n 1

 (2 )  
n n n

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos nx  bn sin nx)
2 n 1
1 2 2    4(1) n 2(1) n1 
  2      2 cos nx  sin nx 
2 3  n 1  n n 
  2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
 1  4  2  2  2  ......  2     .......
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 

(i.e.)

 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 

f ( x)  1   4 2  2  2  ............  2    ............
3  1 2 3   1 2 3 

Put x = π in the above series we get

2  1 1 1 
f ( )  1   4 2  2  2  ............  2(0)...........(1)
3  1 2 3 
 But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f ( )  f ( ) (1     2 )  (1     2 ) 2  2 2
f ( )     1  2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes

2  1 1 1 
1  2  1  4  2  2  2  ............
3  1 2 3 
2 1 1 1 
2   4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 

2 2 1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ............
3 1 2 3 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2  ................
6 1 2 3
. 8. Find the Fourier series expansion of (π – x)2 in –π < x < π.

Sol. Fourier series is


a0
f ( x)    ( a n cos nx  bn sin nx )
2 n 1

 
1 1
a0   f ( x ) dx     2
( x ) dx
 
 


1  (  x ) 3 

   3   


1
 3

0  8 3  
8 2
3
  
1 1
an   f ( x) cos nx dx     2
( x ) cos nx dx
 
 


1 2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 (  x)    [2(  x)( 1)]    (2) 
  n   n
2
  n
3
  

1  (4 ) (1) n 
 0  0  0 0   0 
  n 2


4 ( 1) n

n2
  
1 1
bn   f ( x) sin nx dx     2
( x ) sin nx dx
 
 


1 2   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx 
 (  x)    [2(  x)( 1)]    (2) 3 
  n   n
2
  n   

1  2 (1) n   2 ( 1)
n
2 (1) n 
 0  0     (4 ) 0 
  n 3
  n n 3


4 ( 1) n

n

a0
f ( x)    ( a n cos nx  bn sin nx )
2 n 1

1  8 2    4( 1) n 4 ( 1) n 
      2
cos nx  sin nx 
2 3  n  1  n n 
 9.Obtain the fourier series expansion for

 2x
1   ,  x  0
f ( x)  
2x
 1 ,0  x  
 
1 1 2
and hence deduce that 1  2  2  ....... 
3 5 8
Solution: 2( x) 2x
f ( x)  1   1 in ( , 0)
 
 f ( x) in (0,  )
2(  x ) 2x
and f ( x)  1   1 in (0,  )
 
 f ( x) in ( , 0)
Hence the fourier coefficien t bn  0

a0
f x     an cos nx
2 n 1


2
a0 
  f ( x)dx
0


2  2x 
 0 
  1  dx
 

2 x2 
 x 
    0

0
 
2
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0

2  2x 
  1   cos nxdx
 0  

2  2 x  sin nx    2   cos nx 
 1     
    n     n 2
 0

2  2 cos n  2 
    2 
  n 2
 n  0
4
 2 2 1  (1) n
 n
 
 0, when n is even

an   8
, when n is odd

 n
2 2
The required Fourier Series

8
 f x    2 2 cos nx
n 1, 3, 5 n 

8  cos x cos 3 x cos 5 x 

i.e., f x   2  2  2  2  ...
  1 3 5 
Putting x=0 , we get,
8 1 1 1 
f 0   2  2  2  2  ...
 1 3 5 
8 1 1 1 
1  2  2  2  2  ...
 1 3 5 
2 1 1 1 
  2  2  2  ...
8 1 3 5 
10.If a is neither zero nor an int eger , find the fourier series exp ansion of
period 2 for the function f ( x)  sin ax, in    x  

Solution :
f (  x )   sin ax
 f ( x ) is an odd function
Hence a0  0 , a n  0

f ( x )  bn sin nx
n 1

2
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

2

  sin ax sin nxdx
0
 
1 
   cosn  a xdx  cosn  a xdx 
 0 

1  sin n  a x sin n  a x 

   
  na na 0

1  sin n  a  sin n  a  
   
  na na 

1  sin n cos a  cos n sin a sin n cos a  cos n sin a 

   
 na na 
 1  ( 1) n  sin a  ( 1) n sin a 
   
  na na 

1  ( 1) n 1 sin a  ( 1) n 1 sin a 

   
  na na 

note :
sin a ,a is not an int eger

( 1) n 1 sin a   1 1 
 
n  a n  a
  
(1) n 1 2n sin a 
bn 

 n2  a 2 
11 .Obtain the fourier series to represent the function
1 1 2
f ( x )  x ,    x   and deduce 1  2  2  ..... 
3 5 8
Solution :
f ( x)  x
f ( x)   x
 x
 f ( x ) is an even function

a0
f x     an cos nx
2 n 1


2
a0 
  f ( x)dx
0
 
2
a0 
 
0
x dx


2
a0 
  xdx
0


2 x  2
   
  2 0


2
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0
  
2 2
  x cos nxdx 
  x cos nxdx
 0
0


2   sin nx   cos nx 
  x   1  2 
   n   n  0

2  cos n 1 
  2  2
 n n 


2
n 2

(  1) n

1

 0, if n is even

an    4
, if n is odd

 n 2
  
4
 f ( x) 
2
 
n  odd n
2
cos nx


4 cos 3 x cos 5 x 
f ( x)    cos x  2   ...... 
2  3 5 2


put x  0
 4 1 1 
0   1    ...... 
2  3 2
5 2


2 1 1
 1  2  2  ......
8 3 5
11 .Obtain the fourier series to represent the function
f ( x)  cos x ,    x  

Solution :
f ( x )  cos x
f (  x )  cos(  x )
 cos x
 f ( x ) is an even function

a0
f x     an cos nx
2 n 1


2
a0 
  f ( x)dx
0
 
 2 
2 2 2
a0 
  cos x dx 
  cos xdx     cos xdx
0
0 2

 sin x  
2
  sin x 
 
2


0
2

2
 1  1 
4
 
 
 2
an 
2
 f ( x) cos nxdx 
  cos x cos nxdx
 0
0


2 
2

  cos x cos nxdx    cos x cos nxdx
0
2

2 
2 1 1
  cosn  1x  cosn  1xdx   cosn  1x  cosn  1xdx
 02  2
2


    
1  sin n  1 x sin n  1 x  2
     
 sin n  1 x sin n  1 x  
       
  n  1 n 1 0  n 1 n  1  
 2
     
1
sin n  1 sin n  1 sin n  1 sin n  1 
  2  2  2  2

  n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 
 

  
2 sin n  1 2 sin n  1 
1 2  2
  
 n 1 n 1 
 

note :
   
sin      cos   sin    
2  2 
   
2 sin n  1 2 sin 1  n  
1 2  2
  
 n 1 n 1 
 

 n n 
cos cos
2 2  2 
  
  n 1 n 1 
 

n
2 cos
 2  1  1 
  n  1 n  1
 
 n
2 cos
 2  n  1  n  1
  n2 1 
 

n
2 cos
2  2 
  n 2  1
  

n
4 cos
 2 Pr ovided n  1
 n 2  1
When n  1

2
a1 
  cos x cos xdx
0



2 2
 
  cos x cos xdx    cos x cos xdx 
 0  
 2 


2 2 2
 
  cos xdx   cos 2
dx 
 0  
 2 


2  2 1  cos 2 x 

 
 1 cos 2 x  
 
  0

2


dx  
 

2
dx
 
 2 
 

2  x sin 2 x  2
 x sin 2 x 
 
       
  2 4 0 2 4  
 2

2   
    
 4 2 4

a1  0

n
4 cos
2 
 f ( x)     2 cos nx
 n  2  n 2  1
•11.Expand f(x) = x – x2 as a Fourier series in –l < x < l and using this series
•find the root square mean value of f(x) in the interval.

Sol. Fourier series is

a0   n x n x
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 
l l
1 1
a0   f ( x) dx   ( x  x 2 ) dx
l l l l
l
1x x  2 3
   
l2 3  l

1   l 2 l 3   l 2 l 3  1  2l3   2l 2
            
l   2 3   2 3  l 3  3
 l l
1 nx 1 nx
a n   f ( x) cos dx   ( x  x ) cos
2
dx
l l l l l l

l
  nx   nx   nx 
 sin    cos    sin 
1 l  l   (2)  l 
 ( x  x )
2
  (1  2 x )
l  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l2   l3   l
1   (1) n l 2     (1) n l 2  
 0  (1  2l ) 2 2   0  0  (1  2l ) 2 2   0
l   n     n   

(1) n l 2
 1  2l  1  2l  
( 1) n l
 4l 
ln
2 2
n 
2 2

4 l 2 (1) n  1

n 2 2
 l l
1 nx 1 nx
bn   f ( x) sin dx   ( x  x ) sin
2
dx
l l l l l l

l
  nx   nx   nx 
   cos    sin   cos 
1 l   (1  2 x)  l   (2)  l 
 ( x  x 2 )
l  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
      
 l   l 2
  l 3
  l

1   ( 1) n
l  2 ( 1) n 3
l    ( 1) n
l  2 ( 1) n 3 
l 
  (l  l )
2
  0  3 3    (l  l )
2
  0  3 3 
l   n  n    n  n  
 
 ( 1) n l
l n

l l2  l  l2 
( 1) n 1
 2l 
n

2 l (1) n  1

n

a0 
 n x n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 

1   2l 2    4 l 2 (1) n  1 n x 2 l (1) n  1 n x 
      cos  sin 
2 3  n 1  n 
2 2
l n l 
 RMS value of f(x) in (–l, l ) is

2 
a0 1
 (a n  bn )
2 2 2
y  
4 2 n 1

2
1   2l 2
 1 
16 l 4 (1) 2 n  2 4 l 2 (1) 2 n  2 
 
4 3
   

4 4


2 2 
 2 n 1  n n 

l4 
 8l 4 2l 2 

2
(i.e.) y    4 4  2 2
9 n 1  n  n  
  l
12.Find the Fourier series expansion of  x , 0  x 
f ( x)   2
l
l  x,  xl
 2

1
Hence deduce the value of 
n  1 ( 2n  1)
4

l
Sol. Let 2L  l  L 
2
then the given function becomes  x, 0xL
f ( x)  
2 L  x , L  x  2 L

Fourier series is

a0 
 n x n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  L L 
 2L L 2L
1 1 1
a0 
L 
0
f ( x) dx   ( x) dx 
L 0 L  (2 L  x) dx
L

L 2L
1 x  1  (2 L  x) 
2 2
     
L  2 0 L   2 L

1  L2  1 L2 
   0   0  
L 2  L   2 

L L
   L
2 2
 L 2L
1
2L
n x 1 n x 1 n x
an 
L  f ( x) cos
L
dx 
L 0 x cos
L
dx 
L 
L
(2 L  x) cos
L
dx
0

L 2L
  n x   n x     n x   n x  
  cos    cos 
1     sin 
sin  
L   (1) 1
L   (2 L  x) L   (1) L 
 ( x )
L   n   n 2 2   L  n   n 2 2  
  L



 L2

 0  
 L



 L2

 L

1  (1) n L2   L2  1  L2   (1) n L2 
 0  2 2   0  2 2   0  2 2   0  2 2 
L  n    n   L   n    n  


1 L2
Ln
2 2
(  1) 
n
 1  1  ( 1) n

2L
n
2 2
( 1) n
1  
 L 2L
1
2L
n x 1 n x 1 n x
bn 
L 
0
f ( x ) sin
L
dx 
L 0 x sin
L
dx 
L 
L
( 2 L  x) sin
L
dx

L 2L
  n x   n x     n x   n x  
 cos   sin    cos   sin 
1   
L   (1) 1 
L   (2 L  x)

L   (1) L 
 ( x )
L  n   n 2 2   L  n   n 2 2 
  L



 L2

 0  
 L



 L2

 L

1  (1) n L2   1  (1) n L2 
    0  0  0  0  0   0 
L  n   L  n 

0
 a0   n x n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  L L 

L   2 L [( 1) n  1] n x 
    cos  0 
2 n 1  n2 2
L 

l 
 l [( 1) n  1] 2n x 
    cos 
4 n 1  n  2 2
l 
Using Parseval’s identity for Fourier series we have

2L 2 
1 a0
   ( a n  bn )
2 2
[ f ( x)] dx 
2

L 0
2 n 1

1
L
1
2L
L 2
 
 2 n

4 L (1)  1
2
 
 ( x) dx   (2 L  x) dx   0
2 2

L0 L L
2 n  1  n
4 4


3 L 3 2L
1  x  1  (2 L  x)  L2 4 L2  4 4 4 
       4  4  0  4  0  4  0  ..................
L  3 0 L   3 L 2  1 3 5 

1  L3  1 L3  L2 16 L2 1 1 1 
  0   0     4  
14 3 4 5 4  .......... ........
L 3  L   3 2   
2 L2 L2 16 L2 1 1 1 
  14    .......... ........
3 2 4  34 54 

L2 16 L2 1 1 1 
 4  
14 3 4 5 4  .......... ........
6   

4 1 1 1
 4
 4
 4
 .................
96 1 3 5

4 
1
(i.e.) 
n  1 ( 2 n  1)
4
96
  l  x, 0  x  l
. 13. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x)  
 0, l  x  2l
Hence deduce the value of the series

1 1 1 1 1 1
1     .......... and 2  2  2  .............
3 5 7 1 3 5

Sol. Fourier series is

a0 
 n x n x
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 

2l l 2l
1 1 1
a0 
l 
0
f ( x) dx   (l  x) dx   (0) dx
l 0 l l
 l
1  (l  x ) 2 
 
l   2 0
 
1
 2l

0 l2  
l
2

2l l
1 n x 1 n x
an 
l 
0
f ( x) cos
l
dx   (l  x) cos
l0 l
dx  0

l
  n x   n x  
  sin    cos 
1 l   ( 1) l 
 (l  x )
l  n   n 2 2 
    
 l   l 2
 0

1  (1) n l 2   l 2 
 0  2 2   0  2 2 
l  n    n  
 
1 l2
ln
2 2
( 1)n 1
1  
l
(1) n 1

1
n 
2 2

2l l
1 n x 1 n x
bn 
l 
0
f ( x) sin
l
dx   (l  x) sin
l 0 l
dx  0

l
  n x   n x  
   cos    sin 
1 l   ( 1) l 
 (l  x )
l  n   n 2 2 
    
  l   l 2
 0

1  l2  l
 {0  0}    0  
l  n   n
 a0 
 n x n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 

l   l [( 1) n 1  1] n x l n x
    cos  sin 
4 n 1  n
2 2
l n l 

l 2l 1 x 1 3 x 1 5 x 
(i.e.) f ( x)   2 12 cos  cos  cos  .......... .......
4   l 32 l 52 l 
l 1  x 1 2 x 1 3 x 
  sin  sin  sin  .................        (1
 1 l 2 l 3 l 

Put l
x
2

(which is point of continuity) in equation (1), we get

 l l 2l l 1  1 1 3 1 1 5 
l    2 ( 0)  sin
1 2 2 sin   sin  sin 4  sin  .......... .......
2 4    3 2 4 5 2 

l l l  1 1 1 
  1  0   0   0   .................
2 4  3 5 7

l l l  1 1 1 
  1     .................
2 4   3 5 7 

l l  1 1 1 
 1     .................
4   3 5 7 

 1 1 1
 1     .................
4 3 5 7
 Put x = l in equation (1) we get

l 2l  1 1 1 
f (l )   2   
 12 32 5 2  .......... ......
4 

But x = l is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f(x) = l – x
f (l )  f (l ) (0)  (0) f(l–) = l – l =0
f (l )   0 f(x) = 0
2 2
f(l) = 0
l 2l  1 1 1 
0   2  2  2  2 ............
4  1 3 5 

l 2l  1 1 1 
   2  2  2  2 ............
4  1 3 5 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2 ................
8 1 3 5
 1  x,  2  x  0
14.Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x)  
1  x, 0 x2

1 2
Deduce that n 1 (2n  1) 2

8

Solution:

f(– x) = 1 – x in (–2, 0)
= f(x) in (0, 2)
and f(– x) = 1 + x in (0, 2)
= f(x) in (–2, 0)
Hence f(x) is an even function.

a0 
nx
 f ( x)    a n cos
2 n 1 2
 2 2
2
a0 
2  f ( x) dx
0
  (1  x) dx
0

2
 x  2
 x  
 2 0

 (2  2)  (0)
0

2 2
2 nx nx
an 
2 
0
f ( x) cos
2
dx   (1  x) cos
0
2
dx
 2
  nx   nx 
  sin    cos 
 (1  x ) 2   ( 1) 2 
  n   n 2 2 
    
 2   4  0

 4 (1) n   4 
 0  2 2   0  2 2 
 n    n  

4

 2 2 1  ( 1)
 n
n

 0 , when n is even
 8
an  
, when n is odd

 n
2 2
 0 
8 nx
f ( x )    2 2 cos
2 n 1 n  2

8  1 x 1 3x 1 5x 
f ( x)  2  2 cos  2 cos  2 cos  ........................
 1 2 3 2 5 2 

Put x = 0 in the above series we get

8 1 1 1 
f (0)  2  2  2  2 ............
 1 3 5 
 But x = 0 is the point of discontinuity. So we have

f (0)  f (0) (1)  (1) 2

f ( 0)    1
2 2 2

Hence equation (1) becomes

8 1 1 1 
1   .......... ..
 2 12 3 2 5 2 

2 1 1 1
 2  2  2 ................
8 1 3 5

2 
1
(i.e.) 
8 n 1 (2n  1) 2
•15.Find the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x – x2 in 0 < x < 3.

Sol. Fourier series is

a0 
 2 n x 2 n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  3 3 

3 3
1 2
a0      2
f ( x ) dx ( 2 x x ) dx
(3 / 2) 0 30

3
2  2x x 2 3
   
3 2 3 0

2  27  
  9    ( 0  0 ) 0
3  3  

 3 3
1 2 2nx
an   f ( x) cos nx dx   (2 x  x ) cos
2
dx
(3 / 2) 0
30 3

3
  2nx   2nx   2nx 
  sin    cos    sin 
2 3   (2  2 x) 3   (2) 3 
 (2 x  x 2 )
3  2n   4n 2 2   8n 3 3 
      
 3   9   27  0

2   9      9  
 0  (4) 2 2   0  0  (2) 2 2   0
3   4n      4 n   

2   54  9
  2 2  2 2
3  4n   n 
 3 3
1 2 2nx
bn   f ( x ) sin nx dx   (2 x  x ) sin
2
dx
(3 / 2) 0
3 0 3

3
  2nx   2nx   2nx 
  cos    sin   cos 
2 3   (2  2 x) 3   (2) 3 
 (2 x  x 2 )
3  2 n   4n 2 2   8n 3 3 
      
 3   9   27  0

2   3   27    27 
 (3)   0  2  3 3   0  0  2  3 3 
3   2n   8n      8n  

3

n
 a0 
 2 n x 2 n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  3 3 


 9 2 n x 3 2 n x 
   2 2 cos  sin 
n 1  n  3 n 3 
 HALF RANGE FOURIER SERIES
FOR THE INTERVAL 0 ,  

COSINE SERIES SINE SERIES

a0 
f x     an cos nx 

2 n 1 f x    bn sin nx
n 1

2
a0 
  f ( x)dx 2

bn  
0
f ( x) sin nxdx

 0
2
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0
 HALF RANGE FOURIER SERIES

FOR THE INTERVAL 0 , l 

COSINE SERIES SINE SERIES

a0   nx 
f x     an cos 

 nx 
2 n 1  l  f x    bn sin  
n 1  l 
l
2
a0   f ( x ) dx
 nx 
l
l 0 2
bn   f ( x) sin  dx
l 0  l 
 nx 
l
2
an   f ( x) cos dx
l 0  l 
•16. Find the half range sine series for f(x) = 2 in 0 < x < .

Solution:

 
2 2
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  2 sin nx dx
0


4   cos nx 
 
  n 

4
n

( 1) n  1 
0

 0 , when n is even

bn   8
, when n is odd

 n
Half range sine series is
 
8
f ( x)   bn sin nx  sin nx
n 1 n 1 n
. 17. Expand f(x) = cos x, 0 < x < π in a Fourier sine series.

Sol. Fourier sine series is


f ( x)   bn sin nx
n 1

 
2 2
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  cos x sin nx dx
0


1

  2 sin nx cos x dx
0

2SinACosB = Sin(A+B) + Sin(A–B)

 
1

  [sin( n  1) x  sin( n  1) x] dx ,
0
n 1


1   cos( n  1) x    cos( n  1) x 
   
  n 1   n 1  0

cos( n  1)  ( 1) n 1

cos( n  1)  ( 1) n 1

1  (1) n 1 (1) n 1   1 1 
      
  n  1 n  1   n  1 n  1 
 1  n  1 1   1 1 
 (1)  n  1  n  1   n  1  n  1
     

1 n 1 1   1 1 
 (1)     
   n  1 n  1   n  1 n  1 

1  n  2 n   2 n 
 (1)  n 2  1   n 2  1
     

bn 
2n
 (n  1)
2
( 1) n

1 , n  1 
When n = 1, we have
 
2 2
b1 
  f ( x) sin x dx
0

  cos x sin x dx
0


1

  sin 2 x dx
0


1   cos 2 x  1
     (1  1)  0
 2 0 2

 
f ( x)   bn sin nx  b1 sin x   bn sin nx
n 1 n2


2n [ ( 1) n  1]
 sin nx
n2  (n  1)
2
18.Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x (π – x) in 0 < x < π.
Deduce that
1 1 1 4
4
 4  4  ............ 
1 2 3 90

Sol. Half range fourier cosine series is

a0 
f ( x)    a n cos nx
2 n 1

 
2 2
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0

  x(  x) dx
0


2  x x  2 3
   
 2 3 0
 2   3  3  
     (0  0)
  2 3  

2  3  2
   
6 
3

 
2 2
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0

  x(  x) cos nx dx
0


2 2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 ( x  x )   (  2 x)   (2) 
  n   n 
2 3
 n  0
 2  ( )( 1) n   ( )(1) 
 0   0  0   0 
  n 2
  n 2


2

n 2

 (  1) n

1

2

  2 ( 1) n  1
n

4
an   2 , when n is even
n
0 , when n is odd
 
a0
f ( x)    an cos nx
2 n 1
1  2  
4
      2 cos nx
2  3  n  even n

2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x 

 4  2
   ...............
6  2 42 62

Parseval’s identity for half range fourier cosine series is

 2 
2 a0
 a
2
[ f ( x )] dx 
2

 0 2 n 1
n
  2
2 1 
2
 
16

 0
[ x  x ] dx  
2 2

2 3
   n4
 n  even


2  4
1 1 1 
 ( x  x  2 x )dx   16 4  4  4  ..............
2 2 4 3

0 18 2 4 6 


2   x x 2 x 
2 3
 4 16  1 1 1
5 4

      4  4  4  4  ..............
 3 5 4  0 18 2 1 2 3 
2   5  5  5    4  1 1 1 

   
  0       .......... ....
  3 5 2   18 14 2 4 3 4 

2  5   4 1 1 1
   4  4  4  ...................
  30  18 1 2 3

4 4 1 1 1
  4  4  4  .............
15 18 1 2 3

4 1 1 1
(i.e.)  4  4  4  .............
90 1 2 3
20.Find the half range sine series of f(x) = x cos x in (0, π).

Sol. Fourier sine series is


f ( x)   bn sin nx
n 1

 
2 2
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0

  x cos x sin nx dx
0


1

  x (2 sin nx cos x) dx
0


1

  x [sin( n  1) x  sin( n  1) x] dx ,
0
n 1
  
1 1

  x sin( n  1) x dx    x sin( n  1) x dx ,
0 0
n 1

 
1    cos( n  1) x    sin( n  1) x  1    cos( n  1) x    sin( n  1) x 
bn   x    (1)     x    (1)  
  n 1   (n  1)
2
 0    n 1   (n  1)
2
 0

1    (1) n 1   1    (1) n 1  
   0  0  0    0  0  0
  n  1     n  1  

( 1) n  2 ( 1) n
 
n 1 n 1

 1 1 
 (1) n  
 n  1 n  1
  2n 
 (1) 
n

 ( n  1)( n  1) 

2n ( 1) n
(i.e.)bn  , n 1
n 1
2

When n = 1, we have

 
2 2
b1 
  f ( x) sin x dx
0

  x cos x sin x dx
0


1

  x sin 2 x dx
0
 
1    cos 2 x    sin 2 x 
  x    (1) 
  2   4  0

1    1    1
     0  {0  0}  
   2    2

 
f ( x)   bn sin nx  b1 sin x   bn sin nx
n 1 n2

1 
2 n( 1) n
  sin x   sin nx
2 n2 n 1
2
 21.Obtain the sine series for

 l
 x in 0 x
 2
f ( x)  
l  x in l
  xl
 2

Sol. Fourier sine series is


n x
f ( x)   bn sin
n 1 l
l
2 nx
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
l/2 l
2 nx 2 nx

l 
0
x sin
l
dx   (l  x) sin
l l/2 l
dx
 l/2 l
  nx   nx    nx   nx 
  cos    sin    cos    sin 
2  l   (1)  l
 2 
  (l  x) l   (1)  l 
 ( x )
l  n   n  2 2
 l  n   n  2 2

         
l   l2  0   l   l2  l / 2

  n   2 n      n   2 n  

2   l 
l . cos   l . sin   2   l   l . cos   l . sin  
2  2 
  0  0  {0  0}     2  2 
    
l   2  n   n 2 2   l   2  n   n 2 2  
           
        

 2 n 
2 
2l . sin
2  4l n
   bn  sin
l  n  2 2
 n 2 2 2
 


n x

n4l n x
f ( x)   bn sin   2 2 sin sin
n 1 n  2 l
n 1 l
22.Find the half range cosine series for the function f(x) = x in 0 < x < l.
Hence deduce the value of the series 
1

n  1 ( 2n  1)
4

Sol. Half range Fourier cosine series is

a0  n x
f ( x)    a n cos
2 n 1 l

l
2
a0 
l  f ( x) dx
0

l l
2 2 x 
2

l 0
 x dx   
l  2 0

2 l 2 
   0  l
l 2 
 l l
2 n x 2 n x
an 
l 
0
f ( x) cos
l
dx   x cos
l 0 l
dx

l
  n x   n x  
  sin    cos 
2 l   (1) l 
 ( x )
l   n   n 2 2 
    
 l   l 2
 0

2  (1) n l 2   l 2 
 0  2 2   0  2 2 
l  n    n  
 
2l
n 2 2
(1)  1
n

  4l
 2 2 , when n is odd
an   n 

 0, when n is even

a0 
n x
f ( x)    a n cos
2 n 1 l

l   4l n x
   2 2 cos
2 n 1 n  l
Using Parseval’s identity for half range Fourier cosine series we have
l 2 
2 a0
l 0

2
[ f ( x )] 2
dx   a n
2 n 1

l
2 l 2   16l 2 
 ( x) dx     4 4 
2

l 0 2 n 1  n  

l
2 x  3
l 2 16l 2 1 1 1 
    4  
14 34 54  .......... ........
l  3 0 2   

2l 2 l 2 16l 2 1 1 1 
   
14 3 4 5 4  .......... ........
3 2 4  
 2 2
l 16 l 1 1 1 
 4 14  3 4  5 4  ..................
6   

4 1 1 1
 4  4  4  .................
96 1 3 5

4 
1
(i.e.) 
96 n 1 ( 2 n  1) 4
 23.Prove that

4  x 1 3x 1 5x 
1 sin  sin  sin  .......... ....
  l 3 l 5 l 


in the interval 0 < x < l

Sol. Since RHS contains sine series and given 0 < x < l, we have to find
half range Fourie sine series for f(x) = 1


n x
f ( x)   bn sin
n 1 l

l l
2 n x 2 n x
bn 
l 
0
f ( x) sin
l
dx   (1) sin
l 0 l
dx
 l
 n x 
 cos
2 l  2   (  1) n
l   l 
         
l  n   l  n    n  
 l  0


2
n

( 1) n 1  1 


n x  2 [( 1) n 1  1] n x
f ( x)   bn sin  sin
n 1 l n 1 n l

2 2  x 2 3 x 2 5 x 
  sin  0  sin  0  sin  0  ...........
 1 l 3 l 5 l 

4  x 1 3x 1 5x 
1 sin  sin  sin  .............
  l 3 l 5 l 
24.Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = (x – 2)2 in the interval 0 < x < 2.

Sol. Half range cosine series is

a0  nx
f ( x)    a n cos
2 n 1 2

2 2
2
a0 
2 
0
f ( x) dx   ( x  2) 2 dx
0

2
 ( x  2)  3
   8  8
   0    
 3 0   3  3
 2 2
2 nx nx
an   dx    2
f ( x) cos ( x 2) cos dx
2 0
2 0
2
2
  nx   nx   nx 
  sin    cos    sin 
 ( x  2) 
2 2   [2( x  2)] 2   (2) 2 
  n   n 2 2   n 3 3  
      
 2   4   8  0

  16 
 0  0  0 0  2 2  0 
16
  n    2 n2

8  16 nx
f ( x)    2 2 cos
6 n 1 n  2
4 16 1 x 1 2x 1 3x 
(i.e.) f ( x)   2 12 cos  cos  cos  ....
3  2 22 2 32 2
COMPLEX OR EXPONENTIAL FORM OF FOURIER SERIES

In    x  
 
1
f ( x )   cn e , cn 
inx
 f ( x)e inxdx
n   2 

In 0  x  2
 2
1
f ( x )   cn e , cn 
inx
 f ( x)e
inx
dx
n   2 0
In  l  x  l
 inx l  inx
1
f ( x)  c e
n  
n
l
, cn 
2l  f ( x)e l
dx
l

In 0  x  2l
 inx 2l  inx
1
f ( x)  c e
n  
n
l
, cn 
2l  f ( x)e l
dx
0
25.Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x)  e  x
in –1 < x < 1
Sol. The complex form of Fourier series of f(x) is given by


f ( x)   n
n 
C e i n x
2l = 2
l=1

1
1

 i n x
Cn  f ( x ) e dx
2(1) 1

1
1  x i n x
 e e dx
2 1
 1
1  (1i n  ) x
 e dx
2 1

 (1i n  ) x 1
1 e 
  
2   (1  i n )  1


1
2(1  i n )
e 
 (1 i n  )
e (1 i n  )


 (1  i n ) 1  i n 

2(1  n  )
2 2
e e  e 
1 i n
e 
  (1  i n ) 1

2(1  n  )
2 2
e (cos n   i sin n  )  e 1
(cos n  i sin n ) 

 (1  i n ) 1
Cn 
2(1  n 2 2 )
e ( 
1) n
 e 1
( 1) n


(1  i n ) (1) n 1

2(1  n 2 2 )
e  e 1
 
(1  i n ) ( 1) n
2 sinh 1
2(1  n  )
2 2

(1) n sinh 1(1  i n )

Cn 
1  n 2 2

(1) n sinh 1(1  i n ) i n  x
 f ( x)  
n 1 n 
2 2
e
26.Find the complex form of the Fourier series of

f ( x)  cos ax in    x  
Solution:


f ( x)   n
C e
n 
i n x


1
cn 
2 

f ( x )e inxdx


1

inx
 cos axe dx
2 
 
1  e inx

  2 2 2  in cos ax  a sin ax 
2 i n  a  
note :
ax
e
 cos bx  a 2  b 2 a cos bx  b sin bx 
ax
e

1  e in e in 
  2  in cos a   a sin a     in cos a   a sin a  
2  a  n 2
a 2
 n 2



1
2 a  n 
2
 in cos a e
2
in
 
 ein  a sin a e in  ein 
 1
 2in cos a sin n  2a sin a cos n 

2 a  n
2 2

1
 2a sin a cos n 

2 a  n
2 2
 sin n  0


 1 a sin a
n

 a 2  n 2 


 1n a sin a einx
 f ( x)  
n    a 2  n 2 
 HARMONIC ANALYSIS

The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by

numerical value is known as harmonic analysis. In harmonic
analysis the Fourier coefficients a0, an and bn of the function
y = f(x) in (0, 2π) are given by

a0 = 2 [mean value of y in (0, 2π)]

an = 2 [mean value of y cosnx in (0, 2π)]
bn = 2 [mean value of y sinnx in (0, 2π)]
27. Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic from the following
data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) : 9 18 24 28 26 20

Sol. Here the length of the interval is 6

(i.e.) 2l = 6  l=3
a0   n x n x 
Fourier series is f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  3 3 

a0 x 2 x 3 x x 2 x 3 x
f ( x)   a1 cos  a2 cos  a3 cos  b1 sin  b2 sin  b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a
(i.e.) f ( x)  0  a1 cos   a2 cos 2  a3 cos 3  b1 sin   b2 sin 2  b3 sin 3
2
x
where  
3
 x y θ=πx/3 ycosθ ycos2θ ycos3θ ysinθ ysin2θ ysin3θ

0 9 0 9 9 9 0 0 0

1 18 π/3 9 –9 –18 15.588 15.588 0

2 24 2π/3 –12 –12 24 20.784 –20.784 0

3 28 π –28 28 –28 0 0 0

4 26 4π/3 –13 –13 26 –22.516 22.516 0

5 20 5π/3 10 –10 –20 –17.32 –17.32 0

–25 –7 –7 –3.464 0 0
Total 125
Here n = 6

 y  125 
a 0  2 [mean value of y ]  2    2    41.667
 n   6 

  y cos     25 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos  ]  2    2     8.333
 n   6 

  y cos 2   7
a 2  2 [mean value of y cos 2 ]  2  2  6    2.333
 n   

  y cos 3   7
a3  2 [mean value of y cos 3 ]  2  2  6    2.333
 n   
   y sin     3.464 
b1  2 [ mean value of y sin  ]  2    2     1.155
 n   6 

  y sin 2  0
b2  2 [mean value of y sin 2 ]  2    2   0
 n  6

  y sin 3  0
b3  2 [mean value of y sin 3 ]  2  2 6  0
 n   

41.667
 f ( x)   8.333 cos   2.333 cos 2  2.333 cos 3  1.155 sin   0 sin 2  0 sin 3
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x)  20.833  8.333 cos   2.333 cos 2  2.333 cos 3  1.155 sin  where  
3
 28.Find the Fourier series expansion up to second harmonic from the
following data:

 2 4 5
x: 0  2
3 3 3 3
f ( x) : 10 12 15 20 17 11 10

Sol. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only the first six values
will be used.

Fourier series is

a0 
f ( x)    (a n cos n x  bn sin n x)
2 n 1

a0
(i.e.) f ( x)   a1 cos x  a 2 cos 2 x  b1 sin x  b2 sin 2 x
2
 x y ycosx ycos2x ysinx ysin2x
0 10 10 10 0 0

π/3 12 6 –6 10.392 10.392

2π/3 15 –7.5 –7.5 12.99 –12.99

π 20 –20 20 0 0

4π/3 17 –8.5 –8.5 –14.722 14.722

5π/3 11 5.5 –5.5 –9.526 –9.526

Total 85 –14.5 2.5 –0.866 2.598

Here n = 6

 y   85 
a 0  2 [mean value of y ]  2  2  6   28.333
 n   

  y cos x    14.5 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos x]  2    2     4.833
 n   6 

  y cos 2 x   2.5 
a 2  2 [mean value of y cos 2 x]  2  2  6   0.833
 n   
   y sin x    0.866 
b1  2 [mean value of y sin x]  2  2  6    0.289
 n   

  y sin 2 x   2.598 
b2  2 [mean value of y sin 2 x]  2  2  6   0.866
 n   

28.333
 f ( x)   4.833 cos x  0.833 cos 2 x  0.289 sin x  0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x)  14.1665  4.833 cos x  0.833 cos 2 x  0.289 sin x  0.866 sin 2 x
 29.Find the Fourier series expansion up to first harmonic from the
following data:

x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
f ( x) : 18 18.7 17.6 15 11 .6 8.3 6 5.3 6.4 9 12.4 15.7

Sol. Here the length of the interval is 12

(i.e.) 2l = 12  l=6

Fourier series is

a0   n x n x 
f ( x)     a n cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  6 6 
a0 x x
f ( x)   a1 cos  b1 sin
2 6 6
a x
(i.e.) f ( x )  0  a1 cos   b1 sin  where  
2 6
 x y θ=πx/6 cosθ ycosθ ysinθ
0 18 0 1 18 0
1 18.7 π/6 0.866 16.1942 9.35
2 17.6 2π/6 0.5 8.8 15.2416
3 15 3π/6 0 0 15
4 11.6 4π/6 –0.5 –5.8 10.0456
5 8.3 5π/6 –0.866 –7.1878 4.15
6 6 π –1 –6 0
7 5.3 7π/6 –0.866 –4.5898 –2.65
8 6.4 8π/6 –0.5 –3.2 –5.5424
9 9 9π/6 0 0 –9
10 12.4 10π/6 0.5 6.2 –10.7384
11 15.7 11π/6 0.866 13.5962 –7.85
Total 144 36.0128 18.0064
Here n = 12

 y  144 
a 0  2 [mean value of y ]  2    2    24
 n   12 

  y cos    36.0128 
a1  2 [mean value of y cos  ]  2    2    6.002
 n   12 

  y sin   18.0064 
b1  2 [mean value of y sin  ]  2    2    3.001
 n   12 

24
 f ( x)   6.002 cos   3.001sin 
2
x
(i.e.) f ( x)  12  6.002 cos   3.001sin  where  
6
 PART-A
1. Write down the form of the Fourier series of an odd function in (– l, l)
and the associated Euler’s formula for the Fourier coefficients.

Sol.

n x
f ( x)   bn sin
n 1 l

n x
l
2
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l 0 l
 2. If f(x) = 3x – 4x3 defined in the interval (– 2, 2) then find the value

of a1 in the Fourier series expansion.

Sol. Since f(x) is an odd function, an = 0.
a1  0
3. Obtain the first term of the Fourier series for the function
f(x) = x2, – π < x < π

Sol. f(x) = x2 is an even function. a0 

Fourier series is f ( x)    a n cos nx
2 n 1
 
2 2
a0   f ( x) dx   dx
2
x
 0
 0

2  x3  2  3  2 2
      0 
  3 0   3  3
Hence the first term of the Fourier series is
a0 2

2 3
4.If f(x) = 2x in the interval (0, 4) then find the value of a 2 in the Fourier series
expansion.
Sol.
2 x
4
1
a2   2 x cos dx
20 2
4
  x cos 
0
x dx

4
  sin  x    cos  x  
  x   (1) 
      2
 0

 1   1 
 0  2   0  2 
     
0
5. Define root mean square value of a function

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (a, b) is defined as

 [ f ( x)] 2 dx
2 1
b
RM S  y  y  
a 2
[ f ( x )] dx
ba ba a

6.Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x2 in (0, l)

Sol.
l
2 1
RM S y   [ f ( x)]2 dx
l0

l
l
1 2 2 1 4
l
1  x  1 l5  l 4
5 l2
  [ x ] dx   x dx       0  y
l0 l0 l  5 0 l 5  5 5
7.Find the root mean square value of a function f(x) in (0, 2π)

Sol. The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (0, 2π) is defined as

2 2
1 2 1
RM S  y   [ f ( x)] dx  y  
2
[ f ( x)] 2 dx
2 0
2 0

8.Find the root mean square value of f(x) = 1 – x in 0 < x < 1

Sol.
1
2 1
RM S y   [ f ( x)]2 dx
10

3 1
1
 (1  x)    1  1 1
  (1  x) dx  
2
  0       y
0   3  0    3  3 3
9.Find the root mean square value of f(x) = π – x in 0 < x < 2π
Sol.
2
1
2
RM S y  
2
[ f ( x )] dx
2 0

2 2
1 1  (  x )  3
 0 (  x) dx  2   3 
2

2 0

1   3    3 
     
2  3    3 
1  2 3   2
   
2  3  3


y
3
10.Write the sufficient conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the
existence of a Fourier series.
Sol. i) f(x) is defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number of points
in (–π, π)
ii) f(x) is periodic with period 2π
iii) f(x) and
f (x) are piecewise continuous in (–π, π)

Then the Fourier series of f(x) converges to f(x)

a) if x is a point of continuity
f ( x  0)  f ( x  0)
b) if x is a point of discontinuity.
2
 11.Find the sum of the Fourier series for x , 0  x  1
f ( x)  
2 , 1  x  2
at x = 1
Sol. Here x = 1 is a point of discontinuity

f (1  0)  f (1  0) 1  2 3
f (1)   
2 2 2
12.State the Parseval’s identity for Fourier series.
Sol. The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
c  2l 2 
1 a0
c  (a n  bn )
2 2
[ f ( x )] 2
dx  
l 2 n 1

The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is

c  2 2 
1 a0
  (a n  bn )
2 2
[ f ( x )] dx 
2

 c 2 n 1
12.Write the formula for finding Fourier coefficients.
Sol.
c  2l
1 1
c  2l
n x
a0 
l  f ( x) dx
c
an 
l  f ( x) cos
l
dx
c

c  2l
1 n x
bn 
l 
c
f ( x) sin
l
dx

13.Define RMS value of a function.

Sol. The RMS value of a function f(x) in (a,b) is defined by

b
1
y 
2
[ f ( x )] dx
ba a
b
2 1
 
2
y [ f ( x )] dx
ba a
14.State the Parseval’s identity for Fourier series.
Sol. The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2l) is
c  2l 2 
1 a0
c [ f ( x)] dx  2   (an  bn )
2 2 2

l n 1

The Parseval’s identity for Fourier series in the interval (c, c + 2π) is
c  2 2 
1 a0
c  (a n  bn )
2 2
[ f ( x )] 2
dx  
 2 n 1

15.Find the mean square value of the function f(x) = x in the interval (0, l).
Sol. Mean square value is l
2 1
 
2
y [ f ( x )] dx
l 0
l
1x  1 l 3 
l 3
1
  x dx  
2
    0 
l 0 l  3 0 l3 
l2

3
16.Find the value of an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = 10 in
the interval (0,10).
Sol. 10 10
2 nx 2 nx
an 
10 0 f ( x ) cos
10
dx  
10 0
(10) cos
10
dx

10
 nx 
 sin  20
 2

10
  sin n  0  0
 n  n
 10  0
. 17. What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient a­n in the Fourier series
expansion of
f(x) = x – x3 in (–,).
Sol. Since the interval is (–,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even
f(– x) = (– x) – (–x)3
= – x + x3 = – (x – x3) = – f(x)
The given function is an odd function.
Hence a0 = 0 and an = 0.
. 18.
Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = cos2 x
expanded in the interval (–,).
Sol. Since the interval is (–,), let us verify whether the function is odd or even.
f(–x) = cos2 (–x)= cos2x = f(x). Hence the function is even.
 
2 2
a0   f ( x ) dx  
2
cos x dx
 0
 0

2 1  cos 2 x
 
 0 2
dx


1  sin 2 x 
 x 
  2  0
1
 (  0)  (0)

1
a0 1
Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is 
2 2
19. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of f(x) = x2 – 2 in
–2 < x < 2
Sol. f(–x) = (–x)2 – 2 = x2 – 2 = f(x), which is an even function

2 2
2
a0 
2 
0
f ( x) dx   ( x 2  2) dx
0
2
x 3

   2 x
3 0
 8   4
   4   (0)  
 3   3

Hence the constant term in the Fourier expansion is a0  4 / 3 2

 
2 2 3
20. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x2, in the interval (–,) is
--------------- (1)

2 
n 4 2 
3
  (  1)  n 2 cos nx 
n
sin nx 
n 1

, then find the value of the infinite series 1 1 1

2
 2
 2
 .............
1 2 3
Sol. Given 2 
4 2 
f ( x)    (1) n  2 cos nx  sin nx 
3 n 1 n n 
Put x = π in the above series we get

2 
4 
f ( )    (1)  2 (1) n 
n
0
3 n 1 n 

But x = π is the point of discontinuity. So we have

 f ( )  f ( ) (   2 )  (   2 ) 2 2
f ( )    2
2 2 2
Hence equation (1) becomes

2 
 4 
  2
  ( 1)  2 ( 1)  0
n n

3 n 1 n 
 2 
4 ( 1 ) 2n
2   2
3 n 1 n
2 2 1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  ...............
3 1 2 3 
2 1 1 1
 2
 2
 2
 ...............
6 1 2 3
21. Does f(x) = tan x posses a Fourier series? Justify your answer.
Sol. For a function f(x) to have Fourier series expansion it must satisfy all the
three criteria in Dirichlet’s conditions. But f(x) = tan x has value ∞ at 
x
2
and so it is a discontinuous point and moreover it is an infinite discontinuity. So
it does not have a Fourier series expansion.