UNIT V: Z-TRANSFORMS AND

DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
TOPICS:
1. Z-Transforms –Elementary properties.
2. Inverse Z-Transform (using partial fractions
and residues)
3. Convolution theorem.
4 .Formation of difference equations
5.Solutions of difference equations using
Z-Transform
 Introduction
•The Z-Transform plays an important role in the
communication engineering.
•In communication engineering there are two basic
types of signals are encountered.
• They are continuous time signal and discrete time
signals.
•The continuous time signals are defined by the
independent variable time and are denoted by a
function f(t)..
• On the other hand, discrete time signals are
defined only at discrete set of values of the
independent variable and are denoted by a
sequence {x(n)}.

• For the continuous time signal, Laplace

transform and Fourier transform play important
role.

• Z- Transform plays an important role in discrete

time signal analysis.
Definition 1
Let {x(n)} be a sequence defined for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .
Then the two sided Z-transform of the sequence x(n) is
defined as 
Z{x(n)}  X(z)  
n  
x(n)z n

where z is a complex variable in general.

Definition 2
If {x(n)} is a casual sequence, i.e., x(n) = 0 for n < 0, then
the Z-transform reduces to one-sided Z-transform and is
defined as 
Z{x(n)}  X(z)   x(n)z
n

n 0


Note: The infinite series  x(n)z will be convergent only for

n 0
n

certain values of z depending on the sequence x(n).

Definition 3
The inverse Z-transform of Z{x(n)} = X(z) is defined
as
Z-1{x(z)} = {x(n)}
Definition 4
The unit sample sequence (n) is defined as the
sequence with values
δ(n)  1 for n  0
0 for n  0

Definition 5
That unit step sequence u(n) has values
u(n)  1 for n  0
0 for n  0
Definition 6
If f(t) is a function defined for discrete values of t
where t = nT, n = 0, 1, 2, … T being the sampling
period, then Z-transform of f(t) is defined as
 
Z[f(t)]  
n 0
f(t)z n  
n 0
f(nT)z n

Now we follow the notations

(i) Z[f(t) = F(z) and
(ii) Z{x(n)} = X(z)
(iii) We shall mostly deal with one sided Z-
transform which will be here after referred to as Z-
transform.
Theorem 1 The Z-transform is linear
i.e., (i) Z[af(t)+bg(t)] = aZ[f(t)] + bZ[g(t)]
(ii) Z[a{x(n)} + b{y(n)}] = aZ{x(n)} + bZ{y(n)}
Proof

(i) Z[af(t)  bg(t)]   [af(t)  bg(t)]z n

n 0

 
 a  f(nT)z n
 b g(nT)z n
n 0 n 0

 aZ[f(t)]  bZ[g(t)]

 aF(z)  bG(z)

(ii) Z[a{x(n)}  b{y(n)}]   [ax(n)  by(n)]z  n
n 0

 
 a  x(n)z n
 b y(n)z n
n 0 n 0

 aX(z)  bY(z)
 aZ{x(n)}  bZ{y(n)}
Theorem 2 Frequency shifting
(i) Z[a f(t)] F az 
n

(ii) Z[a x(n)]  X az 

n

Proof


(i) Z[a f(t)]   a f(nT)z

n

n 0
n n

 n
z
  f(nT)  
n 0 a
z
 F 
a
(ii) 
Z[a x(n)]   a n x(n)z n
n

n 0
 n
z
  x(n)  
n 0 a
z
 X 
a
Theorem 3
(i) Z[nf(t)]  z d
dz Z[f(t)]  z dzd F(z)

(ii) Z[nx(n)]  z Z[x(n)]  z X(z)

d
dz
d
dz

Proof


(i) Z[f(t)]   f(nT)z

n 0
n

Differentiating w.r.t ‘z’


d
Z[f(t)]   f(nT)  nz n 1
dz n 0

d 
z n
F(z)   nf(nT)
dz n 0 z

dF(z)
z   nf(nT)z n
dz n 0

  Z[nf(t)]
d
 Z[nf(t)]   z F(z)
dz
 

(ii) X(z)  Z{x(n)}   x(n)z n ,

n 0
differentiating w.r.t ‘z’

d
X(z)   x(n)(  n)  z n 1
dz n 0

1 
   nx(n)z n
z n 0

1
  Z{nx(n)
z

d
 Z{nx(n)}   z X(z)
dz
Theorem 4
(i) Z[f(t  T)]  z[F(z)  f(0)]
 f(1  T) f(z  T) f[(k  1)T] 
(ii) Z[f(t  kT)]  z k F(z)  f(0  T) 
 z

z 2

z k 1 


Proof (i) Z[f(t  T)   f(nT  T)z n

n 0

  f[(n  1)T]z n (Put n  1  m)
n 0

  f(mT)z (m 1)
m 1

  f(mT)z  m  z
m 1

 
 z  f(mT)z m 
 m1 
 
 z   f(mT)z  m  f(0) 
 m 0 
Extending this result, we get  z[F(z)  f(0)]
(ii) Z[f(t  nT)]  Z{f[(n  k)T]}

  f[(n  k)T]z n (Putn  k  m)
n 0


  f(mT)z
mk
(m  k)


z k
 f(mT)z
mk
m

 k 1

 z   f(mT)z   f(mT)z m 
k m

 m 0 m 0 
 f(T) f(2T) f[(k  1)T] 
 z k F(z)  f(0)   2  ... 
 z z z k 1 
Theorem 5
Shifting theorem
If Z[f(t)]  F(z) then Z[e  aT f(t)]  F[ze aT ]

Proof Z[e aT


f(t)]   e anT f(nT)z n
n 0


  f(nT)(ze aT ) n
n 0

 F[ze aT ]

 [F(z)] zzeaT
Theorem 6
Initial value theorem
If Z[f(t)]  F(z) then f(0)  lim F(z)
z 

Proof F(z)  Z[f(t)]


  f(nT)z n
n 0

f(1  T) f(2  T)
 f(0  T)   2
 ...
z z
f(T) f(2T)
 f(0)   2  ...
z z

Taking limit as z  
lim F(z)  f(0)
z 
Theorem 7
Final value theorem
If Z[f(t)]  F(z) then lim f(t)  lim (z  1)F(z)
t  z 1

Proof

Z [ f (t  T )  f (t )]   [ f (nT  T )  f (nT )] z n
n 0


Z [ f (t  T )]  Z [ f (t )]   [ f (nT  T )  f (nT )] z n
n 0


zF ( z )  zf (0)  F ( z )   [ f (nT  T )  f (nT )] z n
n 0
Taking limit as z  1

lim (z  1)F(z)  f(0)  lim
z 1 z 1
 [f(nT  T)  f(nT)]z
n 0
n


  [f(nT  T)  f(nT)]
n 0

 lim [f(T)  f(0)  f(2T)  f(T)  ...  f[(n  1)T]  f(nT)]

n 

 lim f[(n  1)T]  f(0)

n 

 f()  f(0)
lim (z  1)F(z)  f(0)  f()  f(0)
z 1

 f()  lim f(t)  lim (z  1)F(z)

t  z 1
 Convolution of Sequences
The convolution of two sequences {x(n)} and {y(n)}
is defined as x(n) * y(n) = w(n)

w(n)   x(k)y(n  k)
k  
(if the sequences are non-
casual)
n
  x(k)y(n  k)
k 0
(if the sequences are casual)

The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) is

defined by n
f(t)  g(t)   f(kT)g[(n  k)T]
k 0
Theorem 11 Convolution theorem
(i) if Z{x(n)}  X(z) and
Z{y(n)}  Y(z), then
Z{x(n)  y(n)}  X(z)  Y(z)
(ii) if Z{f(t)}  F(z) and
Z{g(t)}  G(z), then
Z{f(t)  g(t)}  F(z)  G(z)

Proof (i) Let Z{x(n)}  X(z)

Z{y(n)}  Y(z)
 n  


X(z) Y(z)   x(n)z   y(n)z n 
 n 0   n 0 

n 
   x(n)y(n  k) z n
n 0  k 0 

n 
   x(n  k)y(n) z n
n 0  k 0  (1)
By definition 
Z[x(n)  y(n)]   [x(n)  y(n)]z n
n 0


n 
   x(k)y(n  k) z n (2)
n 0  k 0 

From equation (1) and (2)

Z[x(n)  y(n)]  X(z)  Y(z)

 Z[x(n)]  Z[y(n)]

Note: Z 1[X(z)Y(z)]  x(n)  y(n)

 Z 1[X(z)]  Z 1[Y(z)]
(ii) If F(z) and G(z) are one sided Z-transform of f(t)
and g(t)
 m  


F(z)G(z)    f(mT)z   g(nT)z n 
 m 0   n 0 
 
  [f(mT)g(nT )z m z n ]
n 0 m 0


n 
   f(kT)g{(n  k)T}z n
n 0  k 0 

  [f(t)  g(t)] z n
n 0

 Z[f(t)  g(t)]
n
 f(t)  g(t)   f(kT)g{(n  k)T}
k 0

 Z[f(t)  g(t)]  F(z)  G(z)

z-Transforms of some basic functions
Result 1
Z{δ(n)}  1

Proof
δ(n)  1 for n  0
0 for n  0


 Z{δ(n)}   δ(n)z n
n 0

1
 Result 2
Where u(n) is an unit step
sequence
Proof :

Z[1]

z
Note : Z{k}  kZ{1}  k if z  1
z 1
Result 3
z
Z{a n }  Z{a n }  if z  a
za

Proof

Z{a }   a n z  n
n

n 0
 n
a
  
n 0  z 

1 a
 if 1
1  (a/z) z
z
 ,
za
z
Z{(a ) n } 
za
Result 4
z
Z{a n }  Z{a n u(n)}  if z  a
za

Proof 
Z{a u(n)}   a n z n
n

n 0

 n
a
  
n 0  z 

1 a
 if 1
1  (a/z) z
z
 , 1 z
z 1

z
Z{(1) n }  if z  1
z 1
Result 5
z
Z{n} 
(z  1) 2

Proof
d
Z{n}  z{n.1}  z z{1}
dz
d
(by Theorem Z{nx(n)}  z z{x(n)})
dz
d  z 
 z  
dz  z  1 
 (z  1)1  z  1
 z  
 (z  1)
2

z
Z{n} 
(z  1) 2
Result 6
az
Z{na n } 
(z  a) 2

Proof Z{na n }  z
d
z{a n }
dz

d
by Theorem Z{nx(n)}  z z{x(n)}
dz

d  z  z
 z    Z{a n } 
dz  z  a  za

 (z  a)1  z  1
 z  
 (z  a)
2


az
Z{na n } 
(z  a) 2
Result 7
z(z  1)
Z{n2 } 
(z  1)3

Proof
d
Z{n2 }  z{n.n}   z z{n}
dz
d
by Theorem Z{nx(n)}  z z{x(n)}
dz
d  z 
 z  
dz  (z  1) 2 
 (z  1) 21  z  2(Z - 1) 
 z  
 (z  1) 4 
Z(Z  1)
Z{n2 } 
(z  1)3
Result 8 2z
Z{n(n – 1)} 
( z  1) 3

Proof : Z{n(n – 1)} = Z ( n  n)  z (n 2 )  z (n)

2

z ( z  1) z
 
( z  1) 3 ( z  1) 2
z 2  z  z ( z  1)

( z  1) 3
2z

( z  1) 3
Result 9

PROOF:
Result 10
Find the Z – transform of the sequences
fn = (n + 1)(n + 2) and gn = n(n – 1)
Proof z{f(n)} = z{(n + 1)(n + 2)}
= z{n2 + 3n + 2}
= z{n2} + 3z{n} + z(2)
z(z  1) 3z 2z
  
(z  1) 3 (z  1) 2 z  1

z 2  z  3z(z  1)  2z(z  1) 2

(z  1) 3
z 2  z  3z 2  3z  2z 3  4z 2  2z

(z  1)3
2z 3

(z  1)3
Z{g(n)} = Z{n(n – 1)}
= Z{n2 – n}
= Z{n2} – Z{n}
z(z  1) z
 
(z  1) 3 (z  1) 2
z 2  z  z(z  1)

(z  1) 3
2z

(z  1)3
Result 11: Find the Z – transform (i ) {a n cos n } and (ii ) a n sin n 
(i ) We know that
Proof
z
Z {a n } 
za
put a  r ei  , we get
z z
Z {(r ei  ) n }  ( byresult 3 : z{ a n
}  )
z  r ei  za
z
Z {r n ei n  }  i
( puta  re i )
z re
z
Z {r n (cos n  i sin n )} 
z  r (cos   i sin  )
z
Z {r n cos n  i r n sin n } 
( z  r cos  )  i r sin 
z[( z  r cos  )  i r sin  ]

[( z  r cos  )  i r sin  ][( z  r cos  )  i r sin  ]
z ( z  r cos  )  i z r sin 

( z  r cos  ) 2  r 2 sin 2 
z ( z  r cos  )  i z r sin 

z 2  2 zr cos   r 2
Equating R. P and I . P, we get
z ( z  r cos  ) z r sin 
Z {r n cos n }  2 and Z {r n
sin n  } 
z  2 zr cos   r 2 z 2  2 zr cos   r 2
Result 12
Find Z(1/n)
Proof  1   1 n
Z    z
 n  n 1 n
1 1 1 x2 x3
  2  3   log(1  x)  x    ..........
z 2z 3z 2 3
 1
 log1  
 z
 z 1
 log 
 z 
 z 
 log 
 z 1
Problems based on INITIAL VALUE and FINAL VALUE THEOREM
Example -1

SOLUTION

Example -2

SOLUTION
Example-3

SOLUTION
 Example-4

SOLUTION

Example-5

SOLUTION
Result 13

PROOF
Result 14

PROOF

Result 15

PROOF
 Result 16

PROOF

Result 17

PROOF
 Inverse z-transforms
The inverse z-transform of X(z) defined as
Z-1[X(z)] = x(n)
When X(z) = Z[x(n)]. X(z) can be expanded in a
series of ascending powers of z-1, by binomial
exponential, logarithmic theorem, the coefficient
of z-n in the expansion gives Z-1[X(z)].
Z-1[X(z)] can be found out by any one of the
following methods.
Methods to find inverse Z-transform:
Z-1[X(z)] can be found out by any
one of the following methods.

(i)Method-I Using Convolution theorem

(ii)Method-II UsingCauchys residue theorem
(iii)Method-III Using Partial Fractions method
Model I : Using convolution theorem
1. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse
1
Z – transform of ( z  1)( z  2)
Solution: Z  1   Z  1   Z  1 
1 1 1

 ( z  1)( z  2)   z  1  z  2
 1  2 n 1
2n 1 n
1   (2  1)
2 2
1 n r nr
  2 .(1)
2 r 0
1
 [1  2  2 2  2 3  ..........  2 n ]
2
1 2 n 1  1

2 2 1
2 n 1  1

2
2. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse
2

Z – transform of ( z z a) 2

Solution:  z
1
2
  z z 
1
Z  2
 Z  .
 ( z  a)   z  a z  a 
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  a   z  a 

 ( a ) n  (a ) n
n
  ( a ) r (a ) n  r
r 0
n
  (a ) n
r 0

 (n  1)(a ) n
3. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse
2

Z – transform of ( z  az)(z  b)
Solution: Z  z
1 

2
 Z
 z
.
z  1
 z  a z  b 
 ( z  a )( z  b) 
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  a   z  b 

 (a) n  (b) n
n
  (a) r (b) n  r
r 0
n
 ( b) n
 (a) (b)
r 0
r r

r
a  n
 ( b)   n

r 0   b 
 r
a
n
 (b)   
n

r 0  b 

  a   a 
2
 a 
n

 ( b) 1        .........    
n

  b   b   b  

  a  n 1 
1    
b
 ( b) n    
 a 
 1    
 b 

 (b n 1  a n 1 )/b n 1 
 (1) b 
n n

 (b  a)/b 

 b n 1  a n 1 
 (1) n

 b  a 
4. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse
2
12 z
Z – transform of (3z  1)(4 z  1)
Solution:  12 z   12 z
2



 z

 2 2

Z  Z  
1 1 1
Z 
(3 z  1)( 4 z  1)  1   1
3 z  4 z   
 z 1   1 
  z  
   
3 

4  

  
3

4  
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  1/3   z  1/4 

 (1/3) n  (1/4) n
 (1/4) n  (1/3) n
n
  (1/4) r (1/3) n  r
r 0
n n r
1  1
 
 3
   (3)
r 0  4 
r

n n r
1  3
 
 3
 
r 0  4


 1
n
   3    3 2  3 
n

  1      .........    
 3   4   4   4  

   3  n 1 
n 1    
1   4  
 
 3  1   3 
   
  4  

 1  4    3    3 
n n

   1     
3 7
    4   4 

1
n
 4 3   3 n 
      
3  7 7  4  
5. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse
2
z
Z – transform of ( z  4)(z  3)
Solution: Z  z   Z  z . z 
1
2
1

 (z  4)(z  3)   z  4 z  3
 z  1  z 
 Z 1   Z
 z  4   z  3 

 (4) n  (3) n
n
  (4) r (3) n  r
r 0
n
3 n
 (4) (3)
r 0
r r

r
4
n
 3n   
r 0  3 
   4   4 2 4 
n

 3 1        .........    
n

  3   3   3  

 4/3 n 1  1
3 n

 4/3   1 
 (4 n 1  3n 1 )/3 n 1 
3 n

 1/3 

 4 n 1  3n 1
6. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse
3
 z 
Z – transform of  z  4 
Solution:  z  
1
3
 z    z 
1 1
2

Z     Z     Z        (1)
 z  4    z  4    z  4 

1
  z 
2
 1  z  1  z 
Z     Z    Z  
 z  4    z  4   z  4 
 4n  4n
n n
  (4) (4) r n r
  (4) n
r 0 r 0

 (n  1)(4)n
Equation (1) becomes
1
  z 
3

   (n  1) 4  4
n n
Z 
 z  4  
n
  (r  1)( 4) r (4) n  r
r 0
n
  (r  1)(4) n
r 0

 4 n [1  2  3  .........  (n  1)]

(n  1)(n  2)
 4n
2
6. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse
3

Z – transform of ( z  2)z ( z  3)
2

Solution:

1 z3  1  z2 z 
Z    Z .
 (z  2) 2 z  3 
 (z  2) 2
(z  3)   
 z2  1 1  z 
Z  2
 Z  z  3 
 ( z  2) 
 (n  1)( 2) n  (3) n
n
  (r  1)( 2) r (3) n  r
r 0
n
3 n
 (r  1)(2) (3)
r 0
r r

r
2
n
 3n  (r  1) 
r 0 3
  2   2 
2
 2 
3
 2 
n

 3 1  2    3    4    .........  (n  1)   
n

 3 3 3  3  

   2  n1 2 
n 1

1    (n  1)  
3 3 
 3n    2 
  2 2 
 1   1  
 3  3 
  2 n  2   2   2 
n

1      (n  1)    
3 3  3   3 
 3n      
 1 1 
 9 3 
 
 
  2 
n
 2  
 
  2 
n
 2 
 3 91       3(n  1)   
n

   3   3    3   3 
 2
n
2 
n

 3 9  6    2 (n  1)  
n

 3  3  

  2 n 
 3 9    (6  2n  2)
n

  3  
  2 
n

 3 9    (2n  8)
n

  3  
 9.3n  2 n (2n  8)
7. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse
2

Z – transform of ( z  1)z ( z  2) 2

Solution: Z  z
1 
 
2
Z
 z
 .
z 

1

 (z  1) (z  2)   (z  1) z  2
2 2

 z  1  z 
 Z 1  2
 Z  z  2 
 ( z  1) 
 n (1) n  (2) n  n  2 n
n
  r (2) n  r
r 0
n
2 n

r 0
r (2)  r
r
n
1
2 n

r 0
r 
2
 1 1
2
1
3
1 
n

 2 0  1   2    3    .........  n   
n

 2 2 2  2  

 1    1   1 
2
 1 
n 1

 2   1  2    3    .........  n   
n

 2   2 2  2  
   1 n 1 
n

1    n  
2n   2  2 
 
2   1 2 1 
1 
 1   2 
 2  
  1 n 1 
n

n 1    n  
2  2 2
    
2  1 1 
 4 2 
 

2n    1  n    1  n 
 41      2n   
2    2     2  

2n  1
n
1 
n

 4  4    2 n   
2  2  2  
 2.2n  2  n
Model II : Using Cauchy’s residue theorem
By using the theory of complex variables, it can be
shown that the inverse Z-transform is given by
1
x(n)  
2πi c
X(z).z n 1dz

Where c is the closed contour which contains all

the isolated singularities of X(z) and containing the
origin of the Z-plane in the region of convergence.
By Cauchy’s Residue theorem.
x(n) = Sum of the residue of X(z) zn-1 at the isolated
singularities.
Where
1. Residue for simple pole z = a is
lim [(z  a)X(z).z n 1 ]
z a

2. Residue or order r at the pole Z = a is

 1 d r 1 n 1 
lim  (z  a) r
X(z)z 
Za (r  1)! dz r 1
 
  z ( z 2  z  2) 
1. Find using residue method.
1
Z  2
 ( z  1)( z  1) 

Solution: Let Z { f ( z)}  f (n) = sum of the residues of

1

 z ( z  z  2)
2

 at its poles.
n 1
 . z
 ( z  1 2
)( z  1) 
(i.e.) f(n) = sum of the residues of  z( z (z1)(zz1)2)  at its
n 2

2
 
poles.
Poles of f(z).z n 1 are

(z  1)(z  1) 2  0

 z  1, 1

z = –1 is the simple pole

and z = 1 is the pole of order 2.
 z n ( z 2  z  2)
Re s ( z  1)  lim ( z  1)
z 1 ( z  1)( z  1) 2
z n ( z 2  z  2)
 lim
z 1 ( z  1) 2
(1) n (1  1  2)

4
 (1) n
1  d  2 z ( z  z  2) 
n 2

Re s ( z  1)  lim  ( z  1) 
1! z 1  d z  ( z  1)( z  1) 2 

 d  z n ( z 2  z  2) 
 lim   
z 1 d z
  ( z  1) 
 ( z  1){ z n (2 z  1)  ( z 2  z  2).n z n 1}  z n ( z 2  z  2)(1) 
 lim  
z 1
 ( z  1) 2 
 (2){1  (2).n}  (2)(1) 
 
 (2) 2 
2  4n  2

4
n
 f (n)  Re s ( z  1)  Re s ( z  1)
 (1) n  n
 z ( z  1)
2. Find the inverse Z – transform of by
( z  1) 3
residue method.
Solution: Let Z { f ( z)}  f (n) = sum of the residues of
1

 z ( z  1) 
 at its poles.
n 1
 . z
 ( z3
 1) 
(i.e.) f(n) = sum of the residues of  z( z(z 1)1)  at its
n

3
 
poles.
Poles of f ( z ). z n 1 are

( z  1) 3  0
 z 1

z = 1 is the pole of order 3.

 1  d2  3 z ( z  1) 
n

Re s ( z  1)  lim  2 ( z  1) 3 
2 ! z 1 d z  ( z  1) 
1  d2 
 lim d z2 { z n
( z  1)}
2 ! z 1  
1  d 
 lim  {z n (1)  ( z  1) n z n 1}
2 ! z 1  d z 
1
 lim [n z n 1  n( z  1).( n  1) z n  2  n z n 1 (1)]
2 ! z 1
1
 [n  2n (n  1)  n ]
2
1
 [ n  2n 2  2n  n]
2
 n2
 f (n)  Re s ( z  1)
 n2
Model III : Using Partial Fractions Method
When X(z) is a rational function in which the
denominator is factorisable, X(z) is resolved into
partial fractions and then Z-1[X(z)] is derived as the
sum of the inverse Z-transforms of the partial
fractions.
 z 
1. Find Z1
 ( z  1)( z  2) 
 

Solution: z

A

B
( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2

z  A( z  2)  B ( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 1  A(1)  0
 A  1
Put z  2, we get 2  0  B (1)
 B2

z 1 2
 
( z  1)( z  2) z  1 z  2
 z  1  1  1  1 
 Z 1     Z  z  1  2 Z  z  2 
 ( z  1)( z  2) 
 (1) n 1  2(2) n 1
2n
 1  2
2
 1  2 n
  z3 
2. Find using partial fraction method.
1
Z  
 ( z  1) ( z  2) 
2

z3
Solution: Let f ( z ) 
( z  1) 2 ( z  2)
f ( z) z2 A B C
   
z ( z  1) 2 ( z  2) z  1 ( z  1) 2 z  2
z 2  A( z  1)( z  2)  B ( z  2)  C ( z  1) 2
Put z  1, we get 1  0  B (1)  0
 B  1
Put z  2, we get 4  0  0  C (1)
 C4
Coeff . of z 2 , 1 AC
1 A 4
 A  3
  z2 
3. Find by the method of partial
1
Z  
 ( z  2)( z  4) 
2

fractions.
z2
Solution: Let f ( z ) 
( z  2)( z 2  4)
f ( z) z A Bz C
  
z ( z  2)( z 2  4) z  2 z 2  4

z  A( z 2  4)  ( B z  C )( z  2)
Put z  2, we get  2  A(4  4)  0
 2  8A
1
 A
4
Coeff . of z 2 , 0  A B
1
0 B
4
1
B 
4
 Coeff . of z , 1  2B  C
2
1 C
4
1 1
C 1 
2 2
f ( z)  1 / 4 1 / 4 z  1 / 2
 
z z2 z2  4
1 z 1 z2 1 z
f ( z)    
4 z  2 4 z2  4 2 z2  4

1 1 1  z  1 1  z 2  1 1  2 z 
 Z { f ( z )}   Z    Z  2   Z  2
4  z  2 4  z  4 4  z  4 
1 1 n 1 n n
  (2) n  2 n cos  2 sin
4 4 2 4 2
 z 3  3z
4. Find the inverse Z-transform of ( z  1) 2 ( z 2  1)

z 3  3z
Solution: Let f ( z ) 
( z  1) 2 ( z 2  1)
f ( z) z2  3 A B CzD
   
z ( z  1) 2 ( z 2  1) z  1 ( z  1) 2 z 2 1
z 2  3  A( z  1)( z 2  1)  B ( z 2  1)  (C z  D)( z  1) 2
Put z  1, we get 4  0  B (2)  0
 B2
Coeff . of z 3 , 0  A  C      (1)
Coeff . of z 2 , 1   A  B  2C  D
1   A  2  2C  D
A  2C  D  1      (2)
 (2)  A + 2C = 1 - - - - - (3)
(3)-(1)  C = 1
(1)  A = -1
f ( z) 1 2 z0
  
z z  1 ( z  1) 2 z 2  1
z 2z z2
f ( z)   
z  1 ( z  1) 2 z 2  1

1  z  1  z 
2
1  z 
1
 Z { f ( z )}   Z    2Z  2
Z  2 
 z  1   ( z  1)   z  1
n
 1  2n  cos
2
 z n  2  20 z n
Res(z  4)  lim (z  4)
z 4 (z  2) 3 (z  4)
z n  2  20 z n
 lim
z 4 ( z  2) 3
4 n  2  20 4 n

( 2) 3
4n
 (16  20)
8
4n

2
 f (n)  Re s ( z  2)  Re s ( z  4)
2n 4n
 (2n  1) 
2

2 2
 Applications of z-transform in Solving Finite
Difference Equations
Z-transform can be applied in solving difference
equation.
Using the relations
(i ) Z [ x(n  m)]  z  m X ( z )
(ii ) Z [ y n 1 ]  z[Y ( z )  y0 ]
 y 
(iii ) Z [ y n 2 ]  z 2 Y ( z )  y 0  1 
 z
 y y 
(iv ) Z [ y n 3 ]  z 3 Y ( z )  y 0  1  22 
 z z 

…………….
where Y(z) = Z[yn]
 Applications of z-transform in Solving Finite
Difference Equations
1. Solve un+2 + 6un+1 + 9un = 2n with u0 = u1 = 0 using
Z-transform.
Solution: Given un+2 + 6un+1 + 9un = 2n
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [u n  2 ]  6 Z [u n 1 ]  9 Z [u n ]  Z (2 n )

z
{z 2u ( z )  z 2u (0)  z u (1)}  6 {z u ( z )  z u (0)}  9 u ( z ) 
z2

z
{z 2u ( z )  0  0}  6 {z u ( z )  0}  9 u ( z ) 
z2
 z
( z 2  6 z  9)u ( z ) 
z2
z
( z  3) 2 u ( z ) 
z2
z
u ( z) 
( z  2)( z  3) 2
u ( z) 1

z ( z  2)( z  3) 2
1 A B C
  
( z  2)( z  3) 2 z  2 z  3 ( z  3) 2
1  A ( z  3) 2  B ( z  2)( z  3)  C ( z  2)
Put z  2, we get 1  A(5) 2  0  0
1
 A
25
Put z  3, we get 1  0  0  C (5)
1
 C
5
Coeff . of z 2 , 0  A B
1
0 B
25
1
 B
25
u ( z ) 1 / 25 1 / 25 1/ 5
  
z z  2 z  3 ( z  3) 2
1 z 1 z 1 z
u ( z)   
25 z  2 25 z  3 5 ( z  3) 2
1 1  z  1 1  z  1 1   3 z 
 u n  Z 1{u ( z )}  Z    Z    Z  2
25  z  2  25  z  3  15  ( z  3) 
1 n 1 1
(i.e.) un  .2  (3) n  .n (3) n
25 25 15
2. Solve un+2 – 2un+1 + un = 2n with u0 = 2, u1 = 1
using Z - transform.
Solution: Given un+2 – 2un+1 + un = 2n
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [u n  2 ]  2 Z [u n 1 ]  Z [u n ]  Z (2 n )
z
{z 2u ( z )  z 2u (0)  z u (1)}  2 {z u ( z )  z u (0)}  u ( z ) 
z2
z
{z 2u ( z )  2 z 2  z}  2{z u ( z )  2 z}  u ( z ) 
z2
z
( z 2  2 z  1)u ( z )   2 z 2  3z
z2
z  z (2 z  3)( z  2)
( z  1) 2 u ( z ) 
z2
z [1  2 z 2  7 z  6]
u ( z) 
( z  2)( z  1) 2
 u ( z) 2z 2  7 z  7

z ( z  2)( z  1) 2
2z 2  7z  7 A B C
  
( z  2)( z  1) 2 z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
2 z 2  7 z  7  A ( z  1) 2  B ( z  2)( z  1)  C ( z  2)
Put z  2, we get 8  14  7  A(1) 2  0  0
 A 1
Put z  1, we get 2  7  7  0  0  C (1)
 C  2
2
Coeff . of z , 2  A B
2 1 B
 B 1
u ( z) 1 1 2
  
z z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
z z 2z
u ( z)   
z  2 z  1 ( z  1) 2
 z  1  z  1  z 
 u n  Z 1{u ( z )}  Z 1   Z  2 Z  ( z  1) 2 
 z  2   z  1
 
(i.e.) un  2  1  2n
n
3. Solve yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3yn = 3n with y0 = 0, y1 = 1
using Z - transform.
Solution: Given yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3yn = 3n
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y n  2 ]  4 Z [ y n 1 ]  3 Z [ y n ]  Z (3n )
z
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  4 {z y ( z )  z y (0)}  3 y ( z ) 
z 3
z
{z 2 y ( z )  0  z}  4{z y ( z )  0}  3 y ( z ) 
z 3
z
( z 2  4 z  3) y ( z )  z
z 3
z  z ( z  3)
( z  1)( z  3) y ( z ) 
z 3
z [1  z  3]
y( z) 
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3)
 z 2  2z
y( z) 
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3)
z 2  2z A B C
  
( z  1)( z  3)( z  3) z  1 z  3 z  3
z 2  2 z  A ( z  3)( z  3)  B ( z  1)( z  3)  C ( z  1)( z  3)
Put z  3, we get 9  6  0  0  C (4)(6)
3 1
 C 
24 8
Put z  1, we get 1  2  A(2)( 4)  0  0
3
 A
8
Coeff . of z 2 , 1 A B C
3 1
1   B 
8 8
3 1
 B 1 
8 8
8  3  1 10 5
 B  
8 8 4
  3 / 8 5 / 4 1/ 8
y( z)   
z 1 z  3 z  3
3  1  5 1  1  1 1  1 
 yn  Z 1{ y ( z )}   Z 1    Z    Z 
8  z  1  4  z  3  8  z  3 
3 5 1
yn   (1) n 1  (3) n 1  (3) n 1
8 4 8
3 (1) n 5 (3) n 1 (3) n
yn    
8 (1) 4 (3) 8 3
3 5 3n
(i.e.) yn  (1)  (3) 
n n

8 12 24
4. Using Z-transform solve y(n)+3y(n-1)–4y(n-2)=0
n  2 given that y(0) = 3, y(1) = -2.
Solution: Changing n into n+2 in the given
equation, it becomes
y(n+2) + 3y(n+1) – 4y(n) = 0, n  0
Taking Z – transform on both sides, we get
Z [ y (n  2)]  3 Z [ y (n  1)]  4 Z [ y (n)]  Z (0)

{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  3{z y ( z )  z y (0)}  4 y ( z )  0

{z 2 y ( z )  3 z 2  2 z}  3{z y ( z )  3 z}  4 y ( z )  0

( z 2  3 z  4) y ( z )  3 z 2  7 z
( z  4)( z  1) y ( z )  z (3 z  7)
 y( z) 3z  7

z ( z  1)( z  4)
3z  7 A B
 
( z  1)( z  4) z  1 z  4
3 z  7  A( z  4)  B( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 3  7  A(5)  0
10
 A 2
5
Put z  4, we get  12  7  0  B (5)
 5  5 B
 B 1
y( z) 2 1
 
z z 1 z  4
2z z
y( z)  
z 1 z  4
 z  1  z 
 yn  Z 1{ y ( z )}  2 Z 1   Z
 z  1  z  4 

(i.e.) yn  2  (4) n
5. Using Z-transform method solve yn+2 + yn = 2
given that y0 = y1 = 0.
Solution: Given yn+2 + yn = 2
Taking Z – transform on both
Z [ y ]  Z [ y ]  Z (2)
sides, we get
n2 n

2z
{z 2 y ( z )  z 2 y (0)  z y (1)}  y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
{z 2 y ( z )  0  0}  y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
( z 2  1) y ( z ) 
z 1
2z
y( z) 
( z  1)( z 2  1)
y( z) 2

z ( z  1)( z 2  1)
 2 A Bz  C
 
( z  1)( z 2  1) z  1 z 2  1
2  A( z 2  1)  ( Bz  C )( z  1)
Put z  1, we get 2  A(2)  0
 A 1
Coeff . of z 2 , 0  A B
0  1 B
B  1
Coeff . of z , 0  B  C
0  1 C
 C  1
y( z) 1  z 1
  2
z z 1 z 1
z z2 z
y( z)   2  2
z 1 z 1 z 1
1  z 
2
1  z 
1 1  z 
 yn  Z { y ( z )}  Z   Z  z 2  1  Z
 z  1  
 z 2  1

 n   n 
(i.e.) yn  1  cos    sin  
 2   2 
6. Form the difference equation whose solution is
yn = (A + Bn)2n
Solution: Given
yn = (A + Bn)2n = A2n + Bn2n --------- (1)
yn+1 = [A + B(n+1)]2n+1 = 2[A + B(n+1)]2n
= 2A2n + 2B(n+1)2n --------(2)
yn+2 = [A + B(n+2)]2n+2 = 4[A + B(n+2)]2n
= 4A2n + 4B(n+2)2n -------(3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3),
we have
 yn 1 n
y n1 2 2(n  1)  0
yn 2 4 4(n  2)

yn [8(n  2)  8(n  1)]  yn1[4(n  2)  4n]  yn2 [2(n  1)  2n]  0

yn (16  8)  yn1 (8)  yn2 (2)  0

8 yn  8 yn1  2 yn2  0

(i.e.) yn2  4 yn1  4 yn  0

7. Derive the difference equation from
yn = (A + Bn)(-3)n
Solution: Given
yn = (A + Bn)(-3)n = A(-3)n + Bn(-3)n --------- (1)
yn+1 = [A + B(n+1)](-3)n+1
= -3[A + B(n+1)](-3)n
= -3A(-3)n - 3B(n+1)(-3)n --------(2)
yn+2 = [A + B(n+2)](-3)n+2
= 9[A + B(n+2)](-3)n
= 9A(-3)n + 9B(n+2)(-3)n -------(3)
Eliminating A and B from equations (1), (2) and (3), we
have
 yn 1 n
y n1  3  3(n  1)  0
yn 2 9 9(n  2)

yn [27(n  2)  27(n  1)]  yn1[9(n  2)  9n]  yn2 [3(n  1)  3n]  0

yn (54  27)  yn1 (18)  yn2 (3)  0

 27 yn  18 yn1  3 yn2  0

(i.e.) yn2  6 yn1  9 yn  0

Table of Z- Transforms
Thank You