Computer Graphics Software and

Data Base
Zain Shami
Layout
 Introduction
 Software Configuration
 Modules of Graphic Software
 Functions of Graphic Package
 Constructing the Geometry

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Introduction
 Hardware is useless without its accompanying software
 Software is different for different hardware
 Detail of graphics software for stroke writing CRT is
different than the graphics software for raster scan CRT

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Introduction
 Rules for designing graphics software
 Simplicity
 Easy to use
 Consistency
 Consistent and predicable program
 Completeness
 No inconvenience omissions/no incomplete data
 Robustness
 Should be tolerant to minor instances of misuse by the user
 Performance
 Should be efficient and speed of response should be fast
 Economy
 Not so large/ not so expensive
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Software Configuration of a Graphics
System
 On basis of operation, it can be divided into three
categories
 Interact with the graphics terminal to create and alter images on
the screen
 Construct a model of something physical out of the images on
the screen. The models are sometimes called the application
models
 Enter the model into the computer memory and/or secondary
storage

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Modules of Graphics Software
 Graphics Package
 Application Program
 The application data Base
Design Workstation

Graphics
Terminal
Application Application Graphics
Database Program Package User input
Devices

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Modules of Graphics Software
 Graphics Package
 Acts as a transporter
 Contains input and output subroutines
 Serves as the interface between the user and application software
 Application Program
 Implemented by the user to construct the model of a physical
entity whose image is to be viewed on the graphics screen
 Programs are written for particular problem areas
 The application data Base
 All the information regarding the model is stored in data base
 Mathematical, numerical, and logical definitions of the
application model
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Functions of a Graphics Package
 Generation of Graphics Elements
 Transformations
 Display Control and Windowing functions
 Segmenting Functions
 User input Functions

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Functions of a Graphics Package
 Generation of Graphics Elements
 Primitive Generation
 Transformations
 Scaling
 Positioning
 Transformation
 Display Control and Windowing functions
 Hidden Line Removal
 Segmenting Functions
 User input Functions

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Functions of a Graphics Package
 Generation of Graphics Elements
 Transformations
 Display Control and Windowing functions
 Segmenting Functions
 CRT type dependence
 Storage type don’t allow the segmentation
 Raster scan and Refresh type allow the segmentation
 User input Functions
 Written specifically for the input systems
 Dependent on how the system is user friendly

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Constructing the Geometry
 The use of Graphics Elements
 Defining the graphic elements
 Editing the Geometry
 Transformations
 Concatenation

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Constructing the Geometry
 The use of Graphics Elements
 Use of Primitives
 Add/subtract one primitive to/from other primitive

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Constructing the Geometry
 The use of Graphics Elements
 Defining the graphic elements
 Mathematical equations for graphic elements
 Lines, curves, circle etc.

(x - m)2 + (y - n)2 = r2

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Constructing the Geometry
 The use of Graphics Elements
 Defining the graphic elements
 Editing the Geometry
 Move an item to another location i.e., translation
 Duplicate an object at another location i.e., copy
 Rotate an item i.e., rotation transformation
 Mirror an item
 Delete an item
 Hide an item (remove item from display)
 Trim a line or other components
 Scale an item

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Transformation
 2D transformation
 3D transformation

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2D Transformation - Translation

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Example 6.1

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Transformation – Scaling
 c > 0 for dilation and c < 0 for contraction

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Example 6.2

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Transformation – Rotation

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Transformation – Rotation

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Example 6.3

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Example 6.3

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Transformation – Rotation

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Transformation – Reflection

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Transformation – Reflection

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Transformation – Reflection

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Transformation - Projections

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Transformation - Projections

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Transformation - Projections

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Concatenation
 Series of Transformations is called as Concatenation
 Rotation followed by scaling
 Scaling followed by Translation
 See Example 6.4

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Data Base Structure & Content
 CAD data base contains the application models, drawings,
assemblies, and alphanumeric information
 Following data structure is patterned
 Basic Graphic Element (points and other elements)
 Geometry (shape) of the model components and their layout in
space
 Topology or structure of the models, how the various
components are connected to form the model
 Application-specific data i.e., material properties
 Application-specific analysis programs i.e., FEA programs

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Wireframe vs. Solid Model
 A frame structed out of the wires

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Wireframe vs. Solid Model
 Two basic approaches for solid modeling
 Constructing solid geometry (CSG or C-rep), also called the
building block approach
 Boundary representation (B-rep)

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Computer Graphics
 Straight line equation

 For small increments

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Algorithm for line
 Line Drawing Calculation
Procedure
 DDA
 Digital Differential Analyser
 If slope, m < 1

 If slope, m > 1

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Example

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 B(7, 8)

A(-3, 6)

E(-7, -3) C(10, -1)

D(1, -8)

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