▪Finding a pattern is a strategy in which

students look for patterns in the data in

order to solve the problem. Students look for
items or numbers that are repeated, or a
series of events that repeat.
 A sequence is a function whose domain is
the set of positive integers. It also means an
ordered list of numbers.

Each number in a sequence is called a

term.
 Given the sequence: 5, 14, 27, 44, 65…

In the sequence, we denote the term as

follows.
1st term a1 = 5
2nd term a2 = 14
3rd term a3 = 27
4th term a4 = 44
5th term a5 = 65
 EXAMPLE
• What is the next term in the sequence
5, 14, 27, 44, 65, ____?

• Sequence 5,14,27,44,65, 90

sequence 5 14 27 44 65 90
﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀＋
1st difference 9 13 17 21 25
﹀ ﹀ ﹀＋
4 4 4
 EXAMPLE
• What is the next term in the sequence
2,7,24,59,118,207,332...

• Sequence 2,7,24,59,118,207,332, 499

• Sequence 2 7 24 59 118 207 332 499
﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ＋
1st difference 5 17 35 59 89 125 167
﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ＋

2nd difference 12 18 24 30 36 42
﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀
3rd difference 6 6 6 6
EXAMPLE
• Finding the first 5 terms of the sequence given
the nth term, an = 3n2+n

a1 = 3(1)2+1 = 3(1)+1=4✓
a2 = 3(2)2+2 = 3(4)+2=14✓
a3 = 3(3)2+3 = 3(9)+3=30✓
a4 = 3(4)2+4 = 3(16)+4=52✓
a5 = 3(5)2+5 = 3(25)+5=80✓
• What is the nth term of the sequence
4,10,16,27,28…?
an =a1+ (n-1)d

a1=1st term a1=4 d=6

n = number position an = 4 + (n - 1)6
d = common differences an = 4 + 6n - 6
an = 6n-2
 Nth Term
• Assume the pattern shown by the square tile in the
Following figure continues.

a1 a1 a1 a1
What is the nth term formula for the number of tiles
in nth figure of a sequence? an = a1 + (n-1)d
an = a1 + (n - 1)d
a1 = 2 d = 3

an = 2 + (n - 1)3
an = 2 + 3n - 3
an = 3n - 1
 Nth term
How many tiles are in the eight figure of the sequence
a2 = ?
an = 3n - 1
a8 = 3(8) - 1
a8 = 24 - 1
a8 = 23
Which figures will consists of exactly 320 tiles?
an = 3n - 1
3n - 1 = 320
3n = 320 + 1 3n = 321
3n = 321 3 3
▪What is problem solving strategies?
 Problem solving strategies are plans
of action used to find solutions.
 Strategies are things that Polya would
have us choose in his second stage of
problem solving and used in his third
stage (What is problem solving?) in
actual fact he called them Heuristics.
▪Guess (This Includes guess and check, guess and
improve)
▪ Act it out (Act it out and use equipment)
▪ Draw (This Includes drawing pictures and
diagrams)
▪ Make a list (This Includes making a table)
▪ Think (This Includes Using skills you know
strategies)
1. Understand the problem
2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the plan
4. Review the solution
▪ Can you understand the problem in your own
words?
▪ Can you determine what is known about these
types of problems?
▪ Is there missing information that, If known, would
allow you to solve the problem?
▪ Is there extraneous information that is not needed
to the problem?
▪ What is the goal?
▪Make a list of the known information
▪ Make a list of information that is
needed
▪ Draw a diagram
▪ Make an organized list that shows
all the possibilities
▪ Make a table or chart
▪ Work backwards
▪ Try to solve similar but simple problem
▪ Look for a pattern
▪ Write an equation. If necessary, define what
each variables represents
▪ Perform an experiment
▪ Guess at a solution and check the results
▪ Work carefully
▪ Keep an accurate and neat record of all
your attempts
▪ Realize that some of your initial plans will not
work and that you may have to devise
another plan or modify your existing plan.
▪ Ensure that the solution is consistent with
the facts of the problem
▪ Interpret the solution in the context of the
problem.
▪ Ask yourself whether there are generalizations
of the solutions that could apply to other
problems.
▪Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection,
organization, analysis, Interpretation and
presentation of data. In applying statistics to a
scientific, industrial, or social problem It is
conventional to begin with a Statistical population or
a Statistical Model to be studied. Population can be
diverse groups of people or subject such as “All
people living in a country” or “Every atom
composing a crystal” . Statistics deals with every
aspects of data, including the planning of data
collection In terms of the design of surveys and
experiments.
▪Descriptive Statistics are brief descriptive
that summarize a given data set, which can be
either a representative of the entire population
or a sample of a population.
▪Measure Frequency: *Count, Percent,
Frequency
▪ Measures of central tendency: *Mean,
Median, Mode
▪ Measures of dispersion or variation: Range,
Variance, Standard Deviation
▪ Measures of position: Percentile Ranks,
Quartile Ranks
Example:
Given the data set: A = ( 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Find:
a. sum of the data set
b. mean
Solution:
a. Sum = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6
Sum = 20

b. Mean = Sum
5
Mean = 4
▪Helps you to find the middle, or the Average of a data
set.

▪The 3 most common measures of central

tendency are the mode, median and mean.
1. Mode – The most frequent value.
2. Median – The middle number in an order data set.
3. Mean – The sum of all values divided by the
total number of values.
▪Arithmetic mean or simply the mean or the
Average is the sum of the collection of
numbers divided by the count of numbers in
the collections. The collections is often a set of
results of an experiment or an observational
study, or frequently a set of result from a
survey.
 ＄ 43,750 + ＄ 39,500 + ＄ 38,000 + ＄ 41,250 + ＄ 44,000
Mean =
5

＄ 206,500
Mean =
5

Mean = ＄ 41,300

The mean suggest that Elle can reasonably expect a job offer at a salary of about $

41,300.

In statistics it is often necessary to find the sum of a set of numbers. The

▪The arithmetic mean is also called the arithmetic
average, is the quantity obtained by summing two or
more numbers or variable and then by dividing by the
number of number or variables. The arithmetic mean is
important in statistics.

▪ It is denoted as x, read as bar x.

Examples:

1. What is the mean of 3 and 11?

Mean = 3 + 11
2

Mean = 14
2

Mean = 7
2. Consider the monthly salary of 10 employees of a firm:
2500, 2700, 2400, 2300, 2550, 2650, 2750, 2450, 2600,
2400. Calculate the arithmetic mean of their monthly
salary.

x = 2500+2700+2400+2300+2550+2650+2750+2450+2600+2400
10

x = 25300
10

x = 2530
▪Median is The middle number in a sorted,
ascending or descending, list of numbers and can
be more descriptive of that data set than the
average.
▪ The median is sometimes used as opposed to
the mean when there are outliers in the sequence
that might skew the average of the values.
▪ If there is odd amount of numbers, the median
value is the number that is in the middle, with the
same amount of numbers below and above.
▪The
10,11,13,15,16,23,16

Median number

“Middle” of a sorted lost number.

To find the Median, Place the number in value order and find
the middle number.
▪Find the Median of (13,23,11,16,15,10, 26)
▪ Put them in order (10,11,13,15,16,23,26)
▪ The middle number is 15 , so the Median is 15.

(When there are 2 middle numbers, We average them)

9 + 11 = 20
3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 20
20 ÷ 2 = 10
 Mode is the number appears most often in a set
of data values. If X is a discrete random variable the
mode is the value of X at which the probability mass
function takes the maximum value. In other words, It is
the value that mostly likely to be sampled.
▪To find the mode or modal value in a data set, It is best to
put the numbers in order. Then count on how many each
number. The number that appears most often is the Mode.
▪ Example :
Data Set :46.4,29.3,48.2,35.1,46.4,39.5,41.3,25.2
▪ Put in order : 25.2,29.3,35.1,39.5,41.3,46.4,46.4,48.2
▪ Count : 25.2, 29.3, 35.1, 39.5, 41.3, 46.4, 46.4, 48.2
| | | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
▪MODE
The Mode of the given data set is Mode = 46.4
46.4 is the Mode it is called unimodal. A unimodal is a set of
contribution which contain the one mode.

Another Example:
1. (9,11,7,10,9,8,11,12,9)
Mode : 9
2. (1,2,7,5,2,6,3,2,4,2,5,6,5)
Mode : 2
▪When are 2 mode in the data set then the set is
called BIMODAL.
▪ Example: The mode of set A (2,2,2,3,4,4, 5,5,5) is 2 and
5 because 2 and 5 are repeated 3 times in a given set.
▪ When there are three modes in data set is called
TRIMODAL.
▪ Example: the mode of set A (2,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,5,6,7,8,8,8)is
2,5 and 8 because 3 of them are repeated 3 times in the
given set.
▪ When there are four or more modes in a data set, then
the set is called MULTIMODAL.
▪A weighted mean is a kind of average. Instead of each
data point contributing equally to the final mean. Some
data points contribute more weight than others.

▪ If all the weights are equal, then the weighted mean

equals to arithmetic mean (The regular average you are
use to) Weighted mean are very common in statistic,
especially when studying populations.
▪You take Three 100 points exams in your statistics class and
score 80,80 and 95. The last exam is much easier than the first
two. So your given it less weight. The weight for the three
exam are:
▪ Example1: 40% of your grade (Note: 40% as a decimal is.4.)
▪ Example2: 40% of your grade
▪ Example3: 20% of your grade
▪ What is you final weighted average for the class?
▪Multiply the number in your data set by the weights.
▪ 0.4(80) = 32
▪ 0.4(80) = 32
▪ 0.2(95) = 19

▪2. Add the numbers up 32 + 32 + 19 = 83

A percent Weight given to each exam is called Weighting

Factor.
 WEIGHTED MEAN FORMULA
The Weighted mean is relatively easy to find. But in
some cases the weight might not add up to 1. In some cases
you’ll need to use the weighted mean formula. The only
difference between the formula and the steps above is that you
divide by the sum of all the weights.

The formula written as :

Weighted Mean = Σwx

Σw
• Σ = Summation
• W = The Weights
• X = The Value
• To use the formula:
• Multiply the numbers in your data sets by the weights.
• Add the numbers in step 1 up. Set this number aside for a
moment.
• Add up all the weights
• Divide the number you found in step 2 by the numbers you
found in step 3.
• In the example grades problem above, all of the weights add up
to 1(4+4+2) so you would divide your answer (83) by 1.
83/1=83.
However, Let say your weighted means added up to 1.2 instead
of 1. You’d divide 83 by 1.2 to get :

83 = 69.17
1.2

❗ Warning : The weighted mean can be easily influenced by

outliers in your data. If you have very high or very low values in
your data set, the weighted mean may not be a good statistics to
rely on.
2. Find the mean of the following data set.
-5 -5 -5 -5 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2

Solution:
Weighted Mean = 4(- 5) + 5(6) + 6(2)
15
Weighted Mean = -20 + 30 + 12
15
Weighted Mean = 22
15