NARAYANA ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL

• Name – Sabana Sultana

• Class – 6
• Roll- 5575858
 INTRODUCTION
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware,
software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and
may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time,
mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer
hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the
hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted
by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer –
from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
The dominant general-purpose personal computer operating system is
Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 76.45%. macOS by Apple Inc. is
in second place (17.72%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place
(1.73%). In the mobile sector (including smartphones and tablets), Android's share
is up to 72% in the year 2020.
 According to third quarter 2016 data, Android's share on smartphones is
dominant with 87.5 percent with a growth rate of 10.3 percent per year,
followed by Apple's iOS with 12.1 percent with per year decrease in market
share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems amount to just 0.3
percent. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing
sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose
operating systems), such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many
applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating
systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution).
Others may have higher system requirements.
Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with
purchased computers (OEM-installation), whereas others may run directly
from media (i.e. live CD) or flash memory (i.e. USB stick).
 Types of operating systems
Single-tasking and multi-tasking
A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a
multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running
concurrently. This is achieved by time-sharing, where the available processor
time is divided between multiple processes. These processes are each
interrupted repeatedly in time slices by a task-scheduling subsystem of the
operating system. Multi-tasking may be characterized in pre-emptive and
cooperative types. In preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices
the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating
systems, such as Linux—as well as non-Unix-like, such as AmigaOS—support
pre-emptive multitasking. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on
each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner.
16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking; 32-bit
versions of both Windows NT and Win9x used pre-emptive multi-tasking.
  Single- and multi-user
Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users but may
allow multiple programs to run in tandem. A multi-user operating system
extends the basic concept of multi-tasking with facilities that identify processes
and resources, such as disk space, belonging to multiple users, and the system
permits multiple users to interact with the system at the same time. Time-
sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and
may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time,
mass storage, printing, and other resources to multiple users.

 Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct, networked
computers and makes them appear to be a single computer, as all
computations are distributed (divided amongst the constituent computers).

 Templated
In the distributed and cloud computing context of an OS, templating refers to
creating a single virtual machine image as a guest operating system, then
saving it as a tool for multiple running virtual machines. The technique is
used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common
in large server warehouses.
  Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in
embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small
machines with less autonomy (e.g. PDAs). They are very compact and
extremely efficient by design and are able to operate with a limited amount
of resources. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded
operating systems.

 Real-time
A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to
process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating
system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses
specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of
behaviour is achieved. Such an event-driven system switches between
tasks based on their priorities or external events, whereas time-sharing
operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

 Library
A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical
operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of
libraries and composed with the application and configuration code to
construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address space, machine image
that can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments.
 Uses of Operating System

The operating system is used everywhere today, such as banks, schools,

hospitals, companies, mobiles, etc. No device can operate without an
operating system because it controls all the user's commands.

LINUX/UNIX operating system is used in the bank because it is a very

secure operating system.

Symbian OS, Windows Mobile, iOS, and Android OS are used in mobile
phone operating systems as these operating systems are a lightweight
operating system.
 Features of Operating System
The operating system has many notable features that are developing day by
day. The growth of the operating system is commendable as it was developed
in 1950 to handle storage tape. It acts as an interface.

The features of operating system are given below:-

Error detection and handling
Handling I/O operations
Virtual Memory Multitasking
Program Execution
Allows disk access and file systems
Memory management
Protected and supervisor mode
Security
Resource allocation
Easy to run
Information and Resource Protection
Manipulation of the file system
Characteristics of Operating System
 Memory Management: The operating system manages memory. It has
complete knowledge of primary memory; which part of the memory is used by
which program. Whenever a program requests, it allocates memory.
 Processor Management: It allocates the program to the processor (CPU)
and also de-allocates it when a program runs out of the CPU needs.
 Device Management: The operating system keeps the information about all
devices. It is also called the I/O controller, and the operating system also
decides which devices are used to which program, when, and for how long.
 Security: It prevents unauthorized access to any program. It uses
passwords and other technologies.
 Reliability: It is very reliable because no any virus and harmful code can
be detected in it.
 File Management: It allocates and deallocates resources and decides which
program to allocate resources.
 Easy to use: It can be easily used as it also has a GUI interface.
 Needs of Operating System
The following points indicate the need for the operating system:-
More than one program runs at a time in a computer, and all of them require your
computer's CPU and memory. The operating system manages resources for all those
programs. That is why the operating system is required.
Multitasking is a very critical feature of the OS. With its help, we can run many
programs simultaneously.
The operating system provides a platform to run any application program in the
computer. Due to which we can do our work with the help of that application.
It helps the user in file management. Through this, the user can save the data
according to his needs.
You use your mouse to open the application and click on the menu. All this is
possible due to the modern operating system. This operating system allows you to
do this with the help of GUI (Graphical user interface).
The operating system creates a communication link between the user and the
computer, allowing the user to run any application program and obtain the required
output properly.
It is almost impossible for a user to use a computer system without an operating
system. Many processes run simultaneously when a program is executed, which is
not easy for a person to manage.