Scribd
Upload
40 views37 pages

01 CMP Crystal Structure

Uploaded by

Munna Hossain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views37 pages

01 CMP Crystal Structure

Uploaded by

Munna Hossain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Structure of Matter

Classification of solids
Solids are broadly classified into two types
crystalline solids and amorphous solids.

2
2D Crystal

3
3D Crystal

Simple cubic Body-centered cubic Face-centered cubic

4
3D Crystal

Simple cubic Body-centered cubic Face-centered cubic

5
Unit cell

The Simplest Repeating Unit in a Crystal

The simplest repeating unit in a crystal is called


a unit cell. Each unit cell is defined in terms
of lattice points, the points in space about which
the particles are free to vibrate in a crystal.

6
Bravais lattice

A Bravais lattice, studied by Auguste Bravais (1850), is an infinite array


of discrete points in three dimensional space generated by a set of
discrete translation operations described by:

Where are any integers and are known as the primitive vectors
which lie in different directions and span the lattice. This discrete set
of vectors must be closed under vector addition and subtraction. For
any choice of position vector , the lattice looks exactly the same.
7
2D Crystal

1 0
0 1
1 1
2 2

8
2D Crystal

1 0
0 1
-1 1
1 1
-2 2

9
Bravais lattice in 3D

epionelynx.wordpress.com

10
Bravais lattice in 3D

11
Primitive translational vector of fcc lattice

12
Primitive translational vector of bcc lattice
Conventional Unit Cell

A non-primitive unit cell is conventionally


chosen for convenience. Typically, these unit
cells have a few times the volume of the
primitive cell. They can fill space without
overlaps and gaps through translational
vectors which are sums of multiples of lattice
constants. Conventionally, lattice are
points
assumed to cells.
parallelepiped occupy corners of the

14
Primitive lattice cell

The parallelepiped defined by primitive axes are


called a primitive cell. A primitive cell is a minimum-volume cell.
The cell will fill all the space by the repetition of suitable crystal
translation operation. There are many ways of choosing the
primitive axes and primitive cell for a given lattice.
The volume of a parallelepiped with axes is

15
3D view
showing the
number of
atoms per
unit cell

16
Characteristics of cubic lattices

17
Wigner-Seitz cell

18
Wigner-Seitz cell

19
Bravais lattice

Reciprocal Lattice
The reciprocal lattice
represents the Fourier
transform of the Bravais
lattice.

The reciprocal lattice to an fcc lattice


is the bcc lattice and vice versa.
20
Brillouin zone

21
Crystal structure
basis + lattice = crystal structure

+ =

22
Crystal structure

23
Crystal structure

24
Crystal structure

25
Miller Indices
The Miller indices of a lattice plane are the
coordinates of the shortest reciprocal lattice
vector normal to the plane, with respect to a
specific set of primitive reciprocal lattice
vectors. Thus a plane with Miller indices (h k l),
is normal to the reciprocal lattice vector

Miller indices are used to specify directions and planes.

26
The rules for Miller Indices:
•Determine the intercepts of the face along the crystallographic
axes, in terms of unit cell dimensions.
•Take the reciprocals
•Clear fractions
•Reduce to lowest terms

27
Miller Indices
Miller Indices are the reciprocals of the parameters of each crystal face.

28
Miller Indices

29
Miller Indices

30
Draw your own lattice
planes

https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/lattice_draw.php
31
Band Theory of
Solids

Formation of hydrogen molecule

brainkart.com University Physics– Young, Freedman

32
Energy Bands for Solids
E E E

Empty
conduction band Empty
conduction band Conduction band
Large energy gap Eg Small energy gap Eg Overlap
Balance band
Filled balance band

Filled balance band

Insulator Semiconductor Conductor

33
Crystal Defects

Concepts of Modern Physics – Arthur Beiser

34
Crystal Defects

Concepts of Modern Physics – Arthur Beiser

35
Crystal Defects

36
Crystal Defects

nde-ed.org

37

You might also like