Deep learning vs. Machine learning vs.

Artificial Intelligence
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Artificial Intelligence is defined as a field of science and engineering that deals with making intelligent machines or
computers to perform human-like activities.
Mr. John McCarthy is known as the godfather of this amazing invention. There are some popular definitions of AI, which are as
follows:
• "AI is defined as the capability of machines to imitate intelligent human behaviour."
• "A computer system able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.“

Types of Artificial Intelligence

AI can be categorized mainly into 4 types as follows:
• Reactive machine
• Limited memory
• Theory of Mind
• Self-awareness
Application of Artificial Intelligent
• Language Translations
• AI in healthcare
• Speech recognition, text recognition, and image recognition
• AI in astronomy
• AI in gaming
• AI in finance
• AI in data security
• AI in social media
• AI in travel and transport
• AI in Automotive Industry
• AI in robots
• AI in Entertainment, agriculture, E-commerce, education, etc.
What is Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is defined as the branch of Artificial Intelligence and computer science that focuses on learning and improving
the performance of computers/machines through past experience by using algorithms.
AI is used to make intelligent machines/robots, whereas machine learning helps those machines to train for predicting the
outcome without human intervention.
How does Machine Learning work?
Machine Learning uses algorithms and techniques that enable the machines to learn from past experience/trends and predict the
output based on that data.

However, firstly, machine learning access a huge amount of data using data pre-processing. This data can be either structured,
semi-structured, or unstructured. Further, this data is fed through some techniques and algorithms to machines, and then based on
previous trends; it predicts the outputs automatically.
Types of Machine Learning
Based on the methods and techniques to teach machines, Machine Learning is categorized into mainly four types, which are as
follows:

Supervised Machine Learning

This type of ML method uses labeled datasets to train machines and, based on these datasets, machines predict the output. It
needs supervision to train models and predict outputs. Image segmentation, medical diagnosis, fraud detection, spam
detection, speech recognition, etc., are some important applications of supervised machine learning.
Supervised machine learning can be further categorized into 2 types of problems as follows:
• Classification
• Regression

Advantages of Supervised machine learning

• Supervised machine learning helps to predict output based on prior experience
• It helps to provide an exact idea about classes of objects.
Disadvantages of Supervised machine learning
• This method is not significant in solving complex problems.
• This method does not guarantee to give exact output as it contains both structured and unstructured data.
• It needs more computational time to teach ML models.

Unsupervised Machine Learning

Unsupervised machine learning is just the opposite of supervised learning. Unlike supervised machine learning, it does not need
supervision, which means it does not require labeled datasets to train machines. Hence, in unsupervised machine learning, the
output is predicted without any supervision. The main aim of the unsupervised learning algorithm is to group or categorize the
unsorted dataset according to the similarities, patterns, and differences. Network analysis, recommendation system, anomaly
detection, singular value decompositions, etc., are some important applications of unsupervised machine learning.

Unsupervised machine learning is further categorized into two types:

• Clustering
• Association
Advantages of unsupervised machine learning
• It can be used to solve complex ML problems as it works with unlabelled data sets.
• It is used to solve multiple tasks in comparison to supervised learning.
Disadvantages of unsupervised machine learning
• Using unlabelled data sets may predict inaccurate outputs.
• It is a relatively complex algorithm as it deals with unlabelled datasets and also does not map with output.

Semi-supervised Machine learning

Semi-supervised learning is the combination of both supervised and unsupervised machine learning. Although it uses both labeled
and unlabelled datasets to train models and predict the output, mostly, it contains the unlabelled datasets.
Advantages of Semi-supervised machine learning
• It is simple and easy to understand the algorithm.
• It is more efficient.
• It is used to solve the drawbacks of Supervised and Unsupervised Learning algorithms.
Disadvantages of Semi-supervised machine learning
It does not include applicable network-level data
It gives less accurate results
Iterations results may not be stable.

Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is defined as the feedback-based method to learn from past experience and improve the performance of
models. In this method, an AI agent automatically explores its surrounding by hitting and trial actions.
Further, in reinforcement learning algorithms, machines learn from experience or past data and do not use labeled data. It can be
applied in various real-world cases such as video games, resource management, robotics, text mining, operations & research, etc.
Reinforcement learning is further categorized into two types:
• Positive reinforcement learning
• Negative reinforcement learning
Advantages of reinforcement learning
• It is used to resolve complex real-time scenarios where all other techniques are not useful.
• It provides the most accurate results because it learns similarly to a human.
• It is significant for achieving long-term results.
Disadvantages of Reinforcement Learning
• It is not significant for simple scenarios.
• It needs a vast amount of data as well as computations
Steps involved in machine learning
There are 7 simple steps involved in machine learning as follows:
• Data gathering
• Data pre-processing
• Choose model
• Train model
• Test model
• Tune model
• Prediction
What is Deep Learning?
"Deep learning is defined as the subset of machine learning and artificial intelligence that is based on artificial neural
networks". In deep learning, the deep word refers to the number of layers in a neural network.

Deep Learning is a set of algorithms inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. It uses a huge amount of
structured as well as unstructured data to teach computers and predicts accurate results. The main difference between machine
learning and deep learning technologies is of presentation of data. Machine learning uses structured/unstructured data for
learning, while deep learning uses neural networks for learning models.
In machine learning, if a model predicts inaccurate results, then we need to fix it manually. Further, in deep learning techniques,
these problems get fixed automatically, and we do not need to do anything explicitly. A self-driving vehicle is one of the best
examples to understand deep learning.
Deep learning can be useful to solve many complex problems with more accurate predictions such as image recognition, voice
recognition, product recommendations systems, natural language processing (NLP), etc.
The basic structure of deep learning
Deep learning includes various neural networks that possess different layers, such as input layers, hidden layers, and output
layers. The input layer accepts input data; hidden layers are used to find any hidden pattern and feature from the data, and output
layers show the expected results.
How does deep learning work?
There are a few simple steps that deep learning follows.
1. Calculate the weighted sum
2. Use this weighted sum in step1 as input for the activation function.
3. The activation function adds bias and decides whether the neuron should be triggered or not.
4. Predict output at the output layer.
5. Compare predicted output and actual output and accordingly use the backpropagation method for improving the performance
of the model. In this step, the cost function plays a vital role in reducing the error rate.
Types of deep neural networks
There are some different types of deep learning networks available. These are as follows:
 Feedforward neural network Radial basis function neural networks
 Multi-layer perceptron
 Convolution neural network (CNN)
 Recurrent neural network
 Modular neural network
Applications of deep learning
Deep learning can be applied in various industries such as:
• Self-driving vehicles
• Fraud detection
• Natural language processing
• Virtual personal assistance
• Text, speech, and image recognition
• Healthcare, infrastructure, banking & finance, marketing
• Entertainment
• Education
• Automatic game playing
• Auto handwriting generation
• Automatic language translation
• Pixel restoration and photo description & tagging
• Demographic and election predictions, etc.