Booting a Computer

Booting is the process of starting a computer. It can be

initiated by hardware such as a button press, or by a
software command.
Two types of booting
Cold booting (Hard booting) : When electrical power to
the CPU is switched from off to on
Warm booting (soft booting): where the power is not cut.
This is also referred to as restarting a computer or
rebooting

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 Windows OS

Common Windows Items

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Common Windows Items
• Desktop refers to the background of your screen on which the various
programs run. Think of your computer screen as your electronic desk.
• Icons are those small pictures on the desktop and inside folders that
represent various programs and sometimes folders.
• Folders are containers that can contain icons, programs, data or other
folders (sub-folders). The default folder icon looks like a Manila file
folder but the look varies with different Windows versions.
• Title bar refers to the bar at the top of an open window that will tell
you what the folder/window is (the title) and contains the minimize,
maximize and close buttons. You can also use the title bar to move a
window around.
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Common Windows Items(Cont..)
• Cursor is the graphic which indicates where the mouse is and what sort of
action it is performing. The cursor will change from the default arrow to
various shapes according to the purpose it is serving at the time. For instance,
it may form an I-beam shape when you are selecting text in a document or a
double-arrow when you are resizing a window.
• Task bar refers to the bar usually at the bottom of your Windows screen (it can
be moved) with the Start Button on the left and the clock on the right.
• The Scroll Bar appears when there is more information in the window than can
be displayed. This is usually a vertical scroll bar, but a horizontal scroll bar may
display if the width of the window is too narrow. In some cases, Windows 10
hides scroll bars until you hover over them.
• Recycle bin: Temporary storage for deleted files.
• Computer icon: Used to view disk utilities.
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 Using a mouse
• Click/left-click: Press and release the left mouse button
once, without moving the mouse.
• Right-click: Press and release the right mouse button
once, without moving the mouse. A short cut
menu(Context-sensitive menu) opens.
• Double-click: Press and release the left mouse button
twice in rapid succession without moving the mouse.
• Drag: Click-and-hold the left-mouse button, then move an
object. For example, you can drag a window or an icon.
• Drag-and-drop: Click-and-hold the left-mouse button,
then move an object. For example, you can drag-and-drop
a window or an icon. Release the mouse button to place
the object in a new location.
• Click-and-hold: Press and do not release the left mouse
button.

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 The Window

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Menus
Menu is a list of options or computer commands presented to the use of a
computer. Different types of menus
Legacy Menus
• In legacy Windows there is a consistency of the order and nature of menus across
various programs. There will almost always be the File, Edit, View and Help menus in
the same order although other menus specific to the program you are using may be in
between some of these:
• File: contains the filing options as you might expect such as open and close
documents, but also the printer options and usually others such as page setup or
import/export options.
• Edit: contains copy and paste as well as other selection items. It sometimes contains
the options for the program you are viewing.
• View: contains options to change the items you are viewing, including toolbars
options.
• Help: contains help, but clicking on the About sub-menu will give you the program
version.
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Menus (Cont..)
Sub-Menus
• You'll often see sub-menus indicated by a small arrow (or triangle) at the end
of menus with additional choices. If you hold your mouse over the menus,
they will open up to display their contents or you can click on them.
Keyboard Alternatives
• If you look at legacy menus, you'll see that some of the letters are underlined.
By using the Alt key in combination with the indicated letter, you can navigate
the menu without a mouse — something that is useful if your mouse is not
working or if you are typing a document and don't wish to leave the keyboard
to use the mouse.
• You'll also see other keyboard shortcuts listed to the right of menu items. For
instance, Ctrl+p (press and hold the Ctrl key, then press the "p" key) will print
the current document.
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Menus (Cont..)

Touch Devices
• With the trend towards touch screens, the physical keyboard is a dying breed
(replaced with an on-screen touch-board) so these keyboard alternatives are
bound to die.

Hidden & Hamburger Menus

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How information is organized in Windows
• File: This is a named container in a computer system for storing
information.
• There are different types of files. E.g. text files, data files, graphic files
and these can store different types of information.
• The basic operations that can be performed on a file
• Creation of a new file
• Modification of data
• Opening the file
• Writing data to a file
• Closing or terminating a file operation

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File naming guidelines
• A file name can be up to 255 characters long and can contain leeters,
numbers and underscores
• File names should be as descriptive and meaningful as possible
• Directories follw the same naming conventions as files
• Certain characters have special meaning to the operating system.
Avoid using them; such as /\ “” ‘ * ; - ? [] () ^ !

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Folder/directory
• Folder : Special space used to store files, other folders and short cuts
on a computer. Helps to store and organize files on your computer.
• Sub-folder: A folder inside another folder.
• Operations on a folder
• Creating a new folder
• Naming a folder
• Renaming a folder
• Saving/transferring a file to a folder
• Opening a folder
• Deleting a folder

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