CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.

2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Voctech Senior High School
Grade 11

First Semester
Module No. 1

Name of Student

Teacher

1
General Mathematics
World of Functions
 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

The learner demonstrates understanding of: (a) key concepts of functions; (b) key
MONTHLY OBJECTIVE: concepts of rational functions; (c) key concepts of rational functions; and (d) key
concepts of inverse functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions.
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st

SUBJECT TITLE: General Mathematics WEEK NO.: 1st

LESSON #1: INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES:
 represents real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions;
 evaluates a function;
 performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of
functions; and
 solves problems involving functions

Welcome to the first lesson of your General Mathematics. This lesson will give you the practical application of
functions in a real-life scenario including the piecewise function. When you are in Grade 8, you already encountered
relation and function. But in this module, let’s take into a deeper sense on how this topic can be useful in our daily
life. Are you all ready? Just always remember this quote, “For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we
learn by doing them.”- Aristotle

RELATION VS FUNCTION

 A RELATION is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs is called the
domain of the relation, and the set of all second elements is called the range.
 A FUNCTION is a relation or rule of correspondence between two elements (domain and range) such
that each element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.

EXAMPLE:

Given the following ordered pairs, which relations are functions?

{(1,2),(2,3),(3,4),(4,5)}
{(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)}
{(1,0),(0,1),(-1,0),(0,-1)}
{(a,b),(b,c),(c,d),(a,d)}

The relations A and B are functions because each element in the domain corresponds to a unique element in the
range. Meanwhile, relations C and D are not functions because they contain ordered pairs with the same

2
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World of Functions
 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATIONS OF REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS

Functions can often be used to model real-life situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will
lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.

The above scenarios are all examples of relations that show function. Monogamous marriage (e.g. Christian
countries) is an example of function when there is faith and loyalty. Let say, June is the domain and Mae is the range,
when there is faithfulness in their marriage, there will be one-to-one relationship - one domain to one range.

Nationality could also illustrate a function. We expect that at least a person has one nationality. Let say Kim
is the domain and her nationality is the range, therefore there is a one-to-one relationship. Since Kim was born and
live in the Philippines, she can never have multiple nationalities except Filipino. (Remember: Under RA 9225 only
those naturally-born Filipinos who have become naturalized citizens of another country can have dual citizenship.
This is not applicable to Kim since she was born in the Philippines and never a citizen of other country.)

Religion is also an example of function because a person can never have two religions. Inside the classroom,
three classmates said that they are Catholic. This shows a many-to-one relationship. Classmates being the domain
and religion being the range indicate that different values of domain can have one value of range. One-to-one
relationship was also illustrated by the classmates who said that they are Born Again, Muslim and Iglesia ni Cristo -
one student to one religion.

THE FUNCTION MACHINE

Function can be illustrated as a machine where there is

the input and the output. When you put an object into a machine,
you expect a product as output after the process being done by the
machine. For example, when you put an orange fruit into a juicer,
you expect an orange juice as the output and not a grape juice. Or
you will never expect to have two kinds of juices - orange and
grapes.

You have learned that function can be represented by equation. Since output (y) is dependent on input (x),
we can say that y is a function of x. For example, if a function machine always adds three (3) to whatever you put in
it. Therefore, we can derive an equation of x + 3 = y or f(x) = x+ 3 where f(x) = y.

3
General Mathematics
World of Functions
 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

EXAMPLE:

1. If height (H) is a function of age (a), give a function H that can represent the height of a person in
“a” age, if every year the height is added by 2 inches.

Solution:
Since every year the height is added by 2 inches, then the height function is H(a) =
2+a

2. If distance (D) is a function of time (t), give a function D that can represent the
distance a car travels
in “t” time, if every hour the car travels 60 kilometers.

Solution:
Since every hour, the car travels 60 kilometers, therefore the distance function is
given by D(t)= 60t

3. Give a function B that can represent the amount of battery charge of a cellular phone in “h” hour, if 12%
of battery was loss every hour.
Solution:
Since every hour losses 12% of the battery, then the amount of battery function is B(h)= 100 –
0.12h

EVALUATING FUNCTIONS

 In evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case the x-value, with a value
from the function domain and computing for the result.
 To denote that we are evaluating “f” and “x” for some “x” in the domain of “f”, we write 𝑓(𝑥)

EXAMPLE: Evaluate the functions below if 𝑥 = 2.

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐
Solution: Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑓(2) = 22 − 2(2) + 2

𝑓(2) = 2(2) + 1 𝑓(2) = 4 − 4 + 2
𝑓(2) = 4 + 1 𝑓(2) = 0 + 2
𝑓(2) = 5 𝑓(2) = 2
RULES OF OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

Determine the following functions if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1

OPERATION
EXAMPLE
(1) Addition 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3) + (𝑥 + 1)
(𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4
(2) Subtraction
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3) − (𝑥 + 1)
(𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)
𝑓 ( 𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 − 1
𝑓 ( 𝑥) = 2
(3) Multiplication
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)
(𝒇 ∗ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ∗ 𝒈(𝒙)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3
(4) Division
𝑥+3
𝑓 ( 𝑥) =
(𝒇/𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)/𝒈(𝒙) 𝑥+1

(5) Composition

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(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑥 + 1) + 3
(𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙))
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 + 4

(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥 + 3) + 1

DEFINITION OF PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 + 4

A piecewise-defined function is a function that is defined by two or more equations over a specified domain.

EXAMPLE:

2𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 ( 𝑥) = { 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
−𝑥 2 + 1

Find
a.) 𝑓(0)
b.) 𝑓(−2).
SOLUTION:

a. Since 𝑥 = 0, we use 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 to obtain 𝑓(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1

b. Since 𝑥 = −2 is less than 0, we use 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥2 + 1 to obtain 𝑓(−2) = −(−2)2 + 1 = −4 + 1 = −3.

The learner demonstrates understanding of: (a) key concepts of functions; (b) key
MONTHLY OBJECTIVE: concepts of rational functions; (c) key concepts of rational functions; and (d) key
concepts of inverse functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions.
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st

SUBJECT TITLE: General Mathematics WEEK NO.: 2ND

LESSON #2: RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES:
 represents real-life situations using rational functions;
 distinguishes rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality;
 solves rational equations and inequalities;
 represents a rational function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and
(c) equation;
 finds the domain and range of a rational function; and
 determines the: (a) intercepts; (b) zeroes; and (c) asymptotes of rational
functions;

5
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 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

In the previous lesson you have learned what on how to evaluate and solve the operation of a function. The concept
of functions to you is not new to you since it was already introduced to you during in your junior high school days,
where you focus more on linear, quadratic, and polynomial functions. In this lesson, we will be revisiting the concept
of rational equations and inequalities so that we may able to understand another type of function which is the rational
function.

Let us practice first your skills on identifying the least common denominator (LCD) because you will be dealing
more on fraction in solving rational equation and inequalities.

As with fractions, the least common denominator or LCD is very important to working with rational expressions.
The process we use to find the LCD is based on the process used to find the LCD of integers.

RATIONAL EXPRESSION VS RATIONAL EQUATION VS RATIONAL INEQUALITY

A RATIONAL EXPRESSION is an expression that can be written as a ratio of two polynomials.

EXAMPLE:
X 2+3X+2
(1)
X +4
2X 2+10X−2
(2)
X−4

A RATIONAL EQUATION contains rational expressions.

EXAMPLE:
X 2+3X+2 4𝑥
(1) = +1
X +4 5
2X 2+10X−2 2𝑥 −1
(2) =
X−4 3

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 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

A RATIONAL INEQUALITY contains rational expressions is referred to as rational inequality.

EXAMPLE:
X 2+3X+2 4𝑥
(1) ≤ +1
X+4 5
2X 2+10X−2 2𝑥 −1
(2) >
X−4 3

PROCEDURE ON SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS

(1) Eliminate the denominators by multiplying each term of the equation by the least common
denominator.
(2) Note that eliminating denominators may introduce extraneous solutions. Check the solutions of the
transferred equations with the original equation.

EXAMPLE:
Solve for x: 𝟐𝒙− 𝟑 = 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟓
SOLUTION:
*The LCD of all the denominators is 𝟏𝟎𝒙.
2 3 1
10𝑥 ( ) − 10𝑥 ( ) = ( )
𝑥 2𝑥
10𝑥
5 = 2𝑥 𝑜𝑟52𝑥 = 5
20 − 15 5
= 2𝑥
𝑥=
2
PROCEDURES ON SOLVING RATIONAL INEQUALITIES

(1) Rewrite the inequality as a single fraction on one side of the inequality symbol and zero on the other side.
(2) Determine over what the intervals of the fraction takes on positive and negative values

IMPORTANT NOTE:
(3) Multiplying both sides of an inequality by a positive number it retains the direction of the inequality
(4) Multiplying both sides of an inequality by a negative number it reverses the direction of the inequality

EXAMPLE:

5 −2𝑥
Solve for x: 3𝑥 − ≥
6 3

SOLUTION:

*The LCD of all the denominators is 𝟔.

5 −2𝑥
6 (3𝑥 − ) ≥ ( )
6 3
6
18𝑥 − 5 ≥ −4𝑥

18𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5 ≥ 0

22𝑥 − 5 ≥ 0

22𝑥 ≥ 5
22𝑥 5
≥
22 22
5
𝑥≥
22

7
General Mathematics
World of Functions
 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

In the previous section, you have already revisited the concept on rational equations and inequalities. You have also
learned on how to solve rational equation and inequality. Now in this section, you will be learning what a rational
function is and how to represent it through equation, table values and graph.

THE RATIONAL FUNCTION

A rational function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑞where

( 𝑥)
𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomial functions and
𝑞(𝑥) is not zero function 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0. The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is all values of 𝑥 where (𝑥) ≠ 0 . A rational function is
function in a fractional form.
EXAMPLE:
1
f(x) = x
SOLUTION:

x −𝟐 −𝟏 0 𝟏 𝟐

y −0.50 −1 undefined 1 0.50

SOLVING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Let us say that we have this rational function: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙+𝟑. We

𝟒𝒙−𝟕need to find the following: (1) domain &
range; (2) Vertical Asymptote; (3) Horizontal Asymptote; and
(4) Intercepts.

WHAT TO FIND… PROCEDURE & EXPLAINATION

Domain & Range A polynomial function on the denominator equates into zero and find the
values of x that would make the denominator zero.
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟎
𝟒𝒙 = 𝟕
𝟒𝒙 = 𝟕
𝟒
𝟕
𝒙=
𝟒
𝑫{𝒙|𝒙 ≠
𝟕
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 ℝ}
𝟒
𝑹{𝒚|𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 ℝ}

Vertical Asymptote Since we already get the value of x that would make the denominator into
zero, this value would be our vertical asymptote.
𝟕
𝒙=
𝟒

Horizontal Asymptote Do the horizontal asymptote test:

 Check the degrees of the numerator & denominator
𝒏=𝒅 𝑛 > 𝑑 = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝟐 𝑎
(𝒚 = ) 𝑛 = 𝑑 = (𝑦 = )
𝟒 𝑏
𝟏 𝑛 < 𝑑 = (𝑦 = 0)
(𝒚 = )
𝟐

Intercepts Substitute zero values to x-term and y-terms

 X-intercept
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕

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2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟎=
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝟎) = ( ) (𝟒𝒙
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕
− 𝟕)
(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝟎

(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕) = 𝟎
𝟒𝒙 = 𝟕
𝟒
𝟕
𝒙=
𝟒

𝒂𝒏𝒅

(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 = −𝟑
𝟐
𝟑
𝒙=−
𝟐

 Y-intercepts

𝟐(𝟎) + 𝟑
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟒(𝟎) − 𝟕

𝟎+𝟑
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎 − 𝟕

𝟑
𝒇(𝟎) = − 𝟕
𝟑
𝒚= −
𝟕

The learner demonstrates understanding of: (a) key concepts of functions; (b) key
MONTHLY OBJECTIVE: concepts of rational functions; (c) key concepts of rational functions; and (d) key
concepts of inverse functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions.
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st

SUBJECT TITLE: General Mathematics WEEK NO.: 3RD

LESSON #3: ONE-TO-ONE & INVERSE FUNCTION

OBJECTIVES:
 determine the inverse of a one-to-one function; and
 represent an inverse function through its: (a) table of values, and (b) graph; find
 the domain and range of an inverse function

In the previous lesson you have already another type of function, the rational function. You have also learned how
to solve situational problems that involves rational equations, inequalities and function. Now in this module, you
will be learning another type of function: (1) One-to-One Function and (2) Inverse Function.

DEFINITION OF ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION

The function 𝑓 is one-to-one if for any 𝑥1, 𝑥2 in the domain of 𝑓, then 𝑓(𝑥1) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2). That
is, the same value y-value is never paired with two different x-values.

EXAMPLE:

 (𝑥) = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), (9,10)}

 The relation pairing of an SSS member to his/her SSS number

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 CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

DEFINITION OF AN INVERSE FUNCTION

Let 𝑓 be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then the inverse of 𝑓, denoted by 𝑓−1 , is a function
with domain B and range A. It is defined by 𝑓−1(𝑦) = 𝑥 if and only if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 for any 𝑦 in B.

EXAMPLE:
RELATION INVERSE
A 𝐵−1

4
16

2 4

3 3

𝒇(𝒙) = {(𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟒), (𝟓, 𝟔), (𝟕, 𝟖), (𝟗, 𝟏𝟎)} 𝑓−1(𝑥) = {(2,1), (4,3), (6,5), (8,7), (10,9)}

x 1 2 4 8 9 𝑥 3 0 1 6 2

y 3 0 1 6 2 𝑦−1 1 2 4 8 9

DETERMINING THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION FROM ITS EQUATION

 Write the function in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

 Interchange the 𝑥 and 𝑦 variables
 Solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥

EXAMPLE: Solve for the inverse of the following function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1

SOLUTION EXPLAINATION
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 Given

𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 Write the function in the form 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒙 = 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 Interchange the 𝒙 and 𝒚 variables

𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝒙 Solve for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙

𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟑𝒚 𝒙−𝟏
=
𝟑 𝟑
𝒙−𝟏 The inverse function of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒚=
𝟑
𝒙−𝟏
𝒇−𝟏(𝒙) =
𝟑

SOLVING FOR THE DOMAIN AND RANGE OF AN INVERSE FUNCTION

To algebraically determine the formula for the inverse of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), you switch the roles of 𝑦 and
𝑥 to get 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) and then solve this expression for 𝑦, finally getting 𝑦 = 𝑓−1(𝑥). Switching the roles of 𝑦
and 𝑥 effectively interchanges the roles of the domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥).

Suppose we have a function 𝑓(𝑥) whose inverse is 𝑓−1(𝑥). Then the domain of the inverse function 𝑓−1(𝑥)
is the range of 𝑓(𝑥) and the range of the inverse function 𝑓−1(𝑥) is the domain of 𝑓(𝑥).

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2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City

EXAMPLE:
FUNCTION/RELATION INVERSE DOMAIN & RANGE
𝐷 = {17, 11, 5}

𝒇(𝒙) = {(𝟏, 𝟏𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟏𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟓)} 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = {(17,1), (11,2), (5,3)} 𝑅 = {1, 2, 3}

𝒈(𝒙) = {(𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟔)} 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = {(1,2), (5,3), (6,4)} 𝐷 = {1, 5, 6}

𝑅 = {2, 3, 4}

𝟏 1
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) = 𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ℝ}
𝒙+𝟐 𝑥+2
1 𝑅 = {𝑦| 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℝ }
𝑦=
𝑥+2
1
𝑥=
𝑦+2
1
(𝑦 + 2)(𝑥) = ( ) (𝑦 + 2)
𝑦+2
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 1
𝑥𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥
𝑥𝑦 1 − 2𝑥
=
𝑥 𝑥
1 − 2𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥
1 − 2𝑥
𝑓−1(𝑥) =
𝑥

The learner demonstrates understanding of: (a) key concepts of functions; (b) key
MONTHLY OBJECTIVE: concepts of rational functions; (c) key concepts of rational functions; and (d) key
concepts of inverse functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions.
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st

SUBJECT TITLE: General Mathematics WEEK NO.: 4th

LESSON #4: EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES:
 distinguish between exponential function, exponential equation, and
exponential inequality;
 solve exponential equations and inequalities;
 represent an exponential function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and
(c) equation;
 determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential
function; and
 find the domain and range of an exponential function

In the previous lesson, you learned what is an inverse function and how to solve the inverse of a function. You have
also learned that inverse functions are applicable on our daily activities in life. Now in this lesson, you will be
learning another type of function the exponential function but first let us study first what is exponential equation and
inequality.

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Let us review first your skills on Law of Exponents, because in this module you will be dealing a lot with exponents
so we need to review your mathematical skill on the Law of Exponents. Read the summary below on Law of
Exponents.

LAW OF EXPONENTS

Exponents are also called Powers or Indices

The exponent of a number says how many times to use the number in a
multiplication.
In this example: 82 = 8 × 8 = 64

LAW OF EXPONENTS EXAMPLES

x1 = x 61 = 6

x0 = 1 70 = 1

x-1 = 1/x 4-1 = 1/4

xmxn = xm+n x2x3 = x2+3 = x5

xm/xn = xm-n x6/x2 = x6-2 = x4

(xm)n = xmn (x2)3 = x2×3 = x6

(xy)n = xnyn (xy)3 = x3y3

(x/y)n = xn/yn (x/y)2 = x2 / y2

x-n = 1/xn x-3 = 1/x3

And the law about Fractional Exponents:

DEFINITION OF EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITY

EXPONENTIAL EQUATION EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY

An equation involving exponential An inequality that involves exponential

DEFINITION
expressions expressions

2 1
EXAMPLE 7 2𝑥−𝑥 =
52𝑥 − 5 𝑥+1 ≤ 0
343

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

In solving exponential equations, you need to write both sides of the equation as powers of the same base.

EXAMPLE: Solve for the equation 4𝑥−1 = 16

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SOLUTION EXPLANATION
𝟒𝒙−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔 *given
𝟒𝒙−𝟏 = 𝟒𝟐 *rewrite the equation using the same base

*since the bases are the same, we can

drop the bases and set the exponents equal
𝒙−𝟏=𝟐
to each other.
𝒙=𝟐+𝟑

𝒙=𝟑 * Finish solving by adding 3 to the right side

Therefore, the solution for 𝟒𝒙−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔 is 𝒙 = 𝟑

SOLVING EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY

 In dealing with inequalities that involve exponents, these inequalities behave much like traditional
equations. Inequalities with an even exponent usually have two solutions while inequalities with an odd
exponent have one solution.

 In solving exponential inequality such as 𝑏 𝑚 < 𝑏 𝑛 . The resulting direction of the inequality (𝑚 <
𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 > 𝑛) is based on whether the base 𝑏 is greater than 1 or less than 1.

EXAMPLE: Solve the inequality 3𝑥 < 9𝑥−2

SOLUTION EXPLANATION
𝟑𝒙 < 𝟗𝒙−𝟐 *given
𝟑𝒙 < (𝟑𝟐)𝒙−𝟐 *rewrite the equation using the same base
𝟑𝒙 < 𝟑𝟐𝒙−𝟒 *since the bases are the same, we can
drop the bases and set the exponents equal
𝒙 < 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒 to each other.
𝟒 < 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙
𝟒 < 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟒

𝟒 < 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟒

Therefore, the solution for 𝟑𝒙 < 𝟗𝒙−𝟐 is 𝟒 < 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟒

The word exponential is an adjective which means extremely rapid. Exponential functions can be used to express
exponential growth or decay of microorganism in biology, number of radioactive substances given its half-life in
chemistry, compound interests, and annuities in business and economics, or even population growth in demography

DEFINITION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

An exponential function is a function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 where 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1

EXAMPLE: Determine whether the given function represents an exponential function or not.

1) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟖𝒙 Exponential function

2) 𝒒(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑.𝟓 Not an exponential function

3) 𝒓(𝒙) = (−𝟒)𝒙 Exponential function

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

General Equation Form 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙
Domain {𝒙|𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 ℝ}
Range {𝒚|𝒚 > 𝟎}
Graphical Model

Trend Increasing all throughout if 𝒂 >

Decreasing all throughout if 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏

SOLVING FOR THE DOMAIN, RANGE, INTERCEPTS, ZEROES AND ASYMPTOTES OF AN

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

EXAMPLE: Identify the domain, range, intercepts, zeroes and asymptotes of the exponential function:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙

Solution:
a) Make a table of values and choose simple numbers for x – values and solve for the range by
substituting it to the function rule. Identify the domain and range using the table of values.

𝒙 −𝟏 −𝟐 0 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 1 1 1 2 4
2 4

𝑓(−1) = 2−1 𝑓(−2) = 2−2 𝐷{𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 ℝ}

𝑓(−1) = 12 1 𝑓(−2) = 12 2 𝑅{𝑦|𝑦 > 0}
1 1
𝑓(−1) = 2 𝑓(−2) = 4

𝑓(0) = 20 𝑓(2) = 22
𝑓(0) = 1 𝑓(2) = 4

𝑓(1) = 21
𝑓(1) = 2

b) In solving for the intercepts, substitute zero to the 𝑥 for y – intercept and 𝑦 for x – intercept

y - intercept x - intercept
𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑦 = 20
𝑓 ( 𝒙 ) = 𝟐𝒙 0 = 2𝑥
𝑦=1
Since you cannot
solve for 𝑥, then
there is no x –
c) intercept
In solving the zeroes & asymptote, just equate the function into zero and solve for the value of 𝑥.

𝟎 = 𝟐𝒙

Since there is no real value of 𝑥 that will make 0 = 2𝑥 a true statement, then 𝑦 = 2𝑥 is asymptotic to the x – axis

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NOTE: PASSED ONLY THESE ANSWER SHEET BELOW, THE CONTENT OF THE
LESSONS WILL SERVE AS YOUR NOTES.
ACTIVITY #1: Introduction to Functions (20 PTS.)

STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:
SECTION:

I. Directions: Evaluate the following function below if the value of 𝑥 = 1.5 . Write your answer on the
space provided.

1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 4
2)
3) 𝑓 ( 𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 10𝑥
5) 𝑓((𝑥
𝑥)) = 𝑥−1
2 −3
𝑓 = 20𝑥

II.
Directions: Solve the following operations of function below if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥2 + 1.
Write your answer on the blank provided.
1) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)
2)
3) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)
4) (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥)
5)
(𝑓/𝑔)(𝑥)

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
SOLUTION AREA

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NOTE: PASSED ONLY THESE ANSWER SHEET BELOW, THE CONTENT OF THE
LESSONS WILL SERVE AS YOUR NOTES.
ACTIVITY #2: Rational Functions (20 PTS.)

STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:
SECTION:

I. Direction: Solve for the following rational equation below. Write your answer on the blank
provided.
1) 4𝑥+1 = 3𝑥
2 5
2) −4𝑥
=
𝑥+2
2 4
𝑥
3) 4
+ 3 > 21
4) 𝑥 12
+ 𝑥<𝑥
3

II. Direction: Identify the domain and range of the following rational functions below. Write your
answer on the blank provided.
2𝑥
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+3 𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠}
𝑥
2) 𝑓 ( 𝑥) = 𝑥−3

III. Direction: Identify the intercepts and asymptotes of the following rational functions below. Write your
answer on the blank provided.
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2𝑥−3
1
2) 𝑓 ( 𝑥) = 𝑥 −3

SOLUTION AREA

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NOTE: PASSED ONLY THESE ANSWER SHEET BELOW, THE CONTENT OF THE
LESSONS WILL SERVE AS YOUR NOTES.
ACTIVITY #3: Inverse & One-to-One Functions (20 PTS.)

STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:
SECTION:

I. Directions: Solve the inverse of the following functions below. Write your solutions and answers on the
box being provided.

1) f(x)={(2,0),(6,11),(5,7),(12,13),(9,15)}

2)

x 5 4 6 10 11

y 7 0 3 4 2

3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 1

3
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2

5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+3
𝑥 −1

II. Direction: Solve for the inverse of the following functions below. Identify the domain and range.

1) 𝒇(𝒙) = {(𝟓, −𝟏), (𝟏𝟎, −𝟑), (𝟏𝟓, −𝟓)}

2) 𝒈(𝒙) = {(𝟏𝟎, −𝟏), (𝟏𝟐, −𝟗), (𝟐𝟒, 𝟏𝟔)}

𝟏𝟐
3) 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟏𝟎𝒙−𝟓

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NOTE: PASSED ONLY THESE ANSWER SHEET BELOW, THE CONTENT OF THE
LESSONS WILL SERVE AS YOUR NOTES.
ACTIVITY #4: Exponential Functions (35 PTS.)

STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:
SECTION:

I. Direction: Solve the following exponential expressions below. Write your complete solutions and answer
in the box being provided.

1) 6𝑥−1 = 64𝑥

2) 252𝑥−1 = 51−𝑥

II. Directions: Identify whether the following tables of ordered pairs exhibit an exponential function or not
and also identify the domain and range of the given tabled ordered pairs.

FUNCTION OR DOMAIN RANGE

NOT

x 1 2 3 4
1
y 5 25 125 625

m -3 -2 -1 0
2
n 6 4 2 0

a -1 0 1 2
3
b -1 0 1 8

s 2 4 6 8
4
r 6 8 10 12

t 1 2 3 4
5
u 1 4 9 16

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