4.

0 MATRICES AND SYSTEM OF

LINEAR EQUATIONS
4.1 MATRICES

4.2 DETERMINANT OF MATRICES

4.3 INVERSE MATRICES

4.4 SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

WITH THREE VARIABLES
 LECTURE 1 OF 11

4.0 Matrices And Systems Of

Linear Equations

4.1 Matrices
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

(a) define matrix and equality of

matrices.
(b) identify different types of matrices
such as row, column, zero,
diagonal, upper triangular, lower
triangular and identity matrices.
(c) perform operations on matrices such as
- addition
- subtraction
- scalar multiplication
(d) perform operations on matrices such
as multiplication of two matrices
(e) define the transpose of a matrix and
explain its properties
 Matrix Definition

A matrix is a rectangular array of

numbers enclosed between brackets.

The general form of a matrix with

m rows and n columns :
 a11 a12 a13  a1n 
a a 22 a 23  a2n  
 21
 a 31 a 32 a 33  a3n  m rows
 
      
 a m1 am2 a m3  a mn 

n columns
• The order or dimension of a matrix with m rows
and n columns is m x n.

• The numbers that makes up a matrix

aij  aij
are called its entries or elements,
and they are specified by their row
and column position.
• The matrix for which the entry is in
ith row and jth column is denoted by
Example 1

 1
Let A =  5 6 
2
 2 3  7 
 

(a) What is the order of A?

(b) If A = [ aij] identify a21 and a13

Solution
(a) Since A has 2 rows and 3 columns,
the order of A is 2 x 3.

(b) The entry a21 is in the second

row and the first column.
Thus, a21 = -2

The entry a13 is in the first row and the

1
third column, and so a13 =
2
 Equality of Matrices

•Two matrices are equal if they have the same

dimension and their corresponding entries are equal

Example 2
Which matrices below are the same?
1 2  1 2 
A = 2 1  , B = 1 2 , C =  
  2 1  
1 2  2 1 
D = 2 1 
Solution: A=D
Example 3

3  a 6 4  9 6  c 4
Let A =  8 
4b 2 B= 2  3d  8 2


If A = B, find the value of a, b, c

and d.
Solution

3–a=9 4b = -8
a = -6 b = -2

6–c=6 2 – 3d= 8
c=0 3d = -6
d = -2
a=-6 , b = -2, c = 0, d= -2
 Types of Matrices

1. Row Matrix is a (1 x n) matrix [one row]

A = [ a11 a12 a13 … a1n]
Example

A=[1 2 3]
B=[1 0 7 8 4 3 5]
 2. Column Matrix is a (m x 1)
matrix [ one column ]
 a11 
a  Example
 21   2
 a31 
   3
 . A =   0 
 .  A= ,B =
  5  
 . 
a     4 
 m1 
7 
3. Square Matrix is a (nxn) matrix which has the
same number of rows as
columns.
Example

1 3
A=   , 2 x 2 matrix
1 8
1 3 2 
B = 3 1 2 , 3 x 3 matrix
2 3 1 
4. Zero Matrix is a (m x n) matrix which
every entry is zero , and
denoted by .O

Example

0 0 0  0 0
0 0 0  0   0 0 
O=   O = 0 O =  
 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
 5. Diagonal Matrix

 a11 a12 a13  a1m 

a a22 a23  
a2 m 
Let A =  21
 a31 a32 a33  a3m 
 
     
am1 am 2 am 3  amm 
The diagonal entries of A are a11,a22 ,….,amm
A square matrix which non-diagonal entries
are all zero is called a diagonal matrix

Example

1 0 0 a 0 0
 2 0 0 2 0  0 0 0
A= ,B =   ,C = 
0 
3
 0 0 3  0 0 b 
6. Identity Matrix is a diagonal matrix
where all its diagonal entries are 1 and
denoted by I.

Example
1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0  = I3x3
0 1 = I2x2 
  0 0 1 
7. Lower Triangular Matrix is a square matrix and
aij = 0 for i < j
 a11 a12 a13 
a a a 
 21 22 23 

 a31 a32 a33 

Example

1 0 0 a 0 0
A= 3 2 0 
,B = b f 0 
  
3 2 3  c d e 
8.Upper Triangular Matrix is a square matrix and aij
= 0 for i > j
 a11 a12 a13 
a a22 a23 
 21
 a31 a32 a33 
Example

1 2 3 a b c
0 2 4  
R= 0 d e 
P=   
0 0 3  0 0 f 
 Operations on Matrices
Addition And Subtraction Of Matrices
For m x n matrices

A= [ a and] B = [b ]
ij ij

A+B=C= [ c where
] cij  aij  bij
ij

A–B=D= [ d where
] d ij  aij  bij .
ij
 NOTE

The addition or subtraction

of two matrices with different orders
is not defined.
We say the two matrices are
incompatible.
Example 5

1 2 4 3 1 
A  B  C   2
3
 4   5 6  
,

FIND :
(a) A + B (b) A – B

(c) A + C
Solution

1 2 +  4 3
(a) A+B=    5 6
3 4  
5 5
 
 2 10 

 1 4 2  3
= 3  (5) 4  6
 
 1 2  4 3
(b) A – B =   -  
3 4    5 6 

 1 4 2  3
=
3  (5) 4  6
 
  3  1
=
 8  2
 
c) A + C =
1 2 + 1 
3 4  2
   
Since matrix A is of order
2 x 2 and matrix C is of order
2 x 1, the matrices have different orders, thus
A and C are incompatible.
 Scalar Multiplication

If c is a scalar and A  [ aij ]

then cA  [ b ] where
ij

bij  caij
Example 6

 2 4 
 
Given A 8 5 

 6 7 
·

Find
1
 A
2
Solution

   12  2  2   4 
 1

1 
 A     12  8  2  5  
 1
2  1 
  2   6    2  7 
1

1 2 

=  4 5
 2

 3  7
2

Example 6

1 4 3 6
Let A 
5 3
and B 
   4 2

calculate 3A – 2B
Solution

3 A  2B 1 4  3 6
= 3   2 
 5 3 4 2
 3 12 6 12
= 15 9   8 4 
   
  3 0
=  7 5

 Properties

1. A + B = B + A (Commutative)
2. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associativite)
3. A + (-A) = (-A) + A = O (O - zero matrix)
4.(   ) A  A   A
 ,   constant
5. ( A  B )  A  B
6. ( A)  ( ) A
 Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix
2. Column Matrix
3. Square Matrix
4. Zero Matrix
5. Diagonal Matrix
6. Identity Matrix
7. Lower/Upper Triangular Matrix
 NOTE

The addition or subtraction

of two matrices with different orders
is not defined.
We say the two matrices are
incompatible.
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

(c) perform operations on matrices such

as multiplication of two matrices
(d) define the transpose of a matrix and
explain its properties
(b) define symmetric matrix and skew
symmetric matrix
 Multiplication of Matrices

The product of two matrices A and B is

defined only when the number of
columns in A is equal to the number of
rows in B.

• If order of A is m x n and the order of B is n x p,

then AB has order m x p.
Amxn Bnxp ABmxp
The order of the
product is m x p

m × n n × p
These numbers must
be equal
 ATTENTION !

A row and a column must

have the same number of
entries in order to be
multiplied.
 Multiplication Of Two Matrices

 b1 
b 
 2
R  a1 a 2 a3  a n  C  b3 
 
 
bn 

RC  [a1b1  a2b2  a3b3   anbn ]

Example 1

Find :

 2 1
 1 2 3   3 4
  2 0 5  
 
 2 1
Solution

 2 1
 1 2 3  
  2 0 5    3 4
 
 2 1
 1( 2)  2( 3)  3( 2) 1(1)  2(4)  3(1) 
 
 2( 2)  0( 3)  5( 2)  2(1)  0(4)  5(1)
2 12 
  
6 3 
 Example 2

 1 2 3 5 
 2 5 4  
A  B  3 2 1 5
 1 7 5   
5 4 0 7 
Find AB.
Solution

 7 30 11 43
AB   
 45 4 10 5 
Example 3

  1 2 2  1
Let A  and
B
 3 4 
3 2 

Show that AB ≠ BA.

Solution
  1 2 2  1
AB =  3 4 3 2 
   
 1 2  2 3  1  1  2  2 
 
 3  2   4  3  3  1  4  2 
 4 5
 
18 5
 2  1  1 2
BA =

 3 2   3 4
=

   
2(1)  (1)3 2(2)  (1)4
 3(1)  2(3) 3(2)  2(4) 
 
 5 0 
 3 14
 
 4 5 ≠
 5 0 
18 5  3 14
   

Thus, AB ≠ BA.
This result prove that the matrix multiplication is
not commutative.
 Properties of Matrix Multiplication

Let A,B,C and D be matrices for which

the following products are defined .Then

• ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
A(BC) = (AB)C
• DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
A(B+C) = AB+AC