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Quantitative Reasoning

By
Nazia Aslam
Designation: Lecturer
Niazi Medical & Dental College
Sargodha

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 Objectives
• Relations and Functions.
• What is a Function?
• Types of Functions.
• Difference between Injective, Surjective, and
Bijective Function.
• What is Graph?
• Introduction to cartesian coordinates system.
• List of Functions and Their Graphs.

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 Relations and Functions
• “Relations and Functions” are the most important topics in
algebra. Relations and functions, these are the two different
words having different meanings mathematically. You might get
confused about their difference. Before we go deeper, let’s
understand the difference between both with a simple example.
 An ordered pair is represented as (INPUT, OUTPUT): The
relation shows the relationship between INPUT and OUTPUT.
Whereas, a function is a relation which derives one OUTPUT for
each given INPUT.

• Note: All functions are relations, but not all relations are
functions.
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 What is a Function?
• A function is a relation which describes that there
should be only one output for each input (or) we
can say that a special kind of relation (a set of
ordered pairs), which follows a rule i.e., every X-
value should be associated with only one y-value
is called a function.
 Domain: It is a collection of the first values in the
ordered pair (Set of all input (x) values).
 Range: It is a collection of the second values in
the ordered pair (Set of all output (y) values).
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 Example
 In the relation, {(-2, 3), {4, 5), (6, -5), (-2, 3)},
 The domain is: {-2, 4, 6}
 Range is: {-5, 3, 5}.
Note: Don’t consider duplicates while writing
the domain and range and also write it in
increasing order.

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 Types of Functions
• In terms of relations, we can define the types of functions
as:
1. One to one function or Injective function: A function f: P
→ Q is said to be one to one if for each element of P there
is a distinct element of Q.
2. Onto Function or Surjective function: A function for
which every element of set Q there is pre-image in set P
3. One-one correspondence or Bijective function: The
function f matches with each element of P with a discrete
element of Q and every element of Q has a pre-image in P.

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 Difference between Injective,
Surjective, and Bijective Function

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 Functions Defined by Equations
• in an equation in two variables, if to each value
of the independent variable there corresponds
exactly one value of the dependent variable,
than the equation defines a function. If there is
any value of the independent variable to which
the corresponds more than one value of
dependent variable, than the equation does
not define a function.
 e.g, Y = + 2x ‘x’ any real number
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 • Find: a) f(6), g(-7), h(-2) and f(0)+g(4)-
h(16)
1) F(x) =
2) g(x) = 16 + 3x -
3) h(x) =

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 What is Graph?
• A graph is determined as a mathematical
structure that represent a particular functions
by connecting a set off points. It is used to
create a pairwise relationship between
objects. The graph is made up of vertices that
arc connected by the edges. Graph is a
mathematical representation of a network and
it describes relationship between lines and
points.
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 Introduction to cartesian coordinates
system
• A Cartesian coordinate system or rectangular
coordinate system is named after the French
mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes
(1596-1650) who is known as the “Father of Modern
Mathematician”.
• Parts of cartesian coordinates system
1. Axes
2. Origine
3. Quadrants
4. Ordered pair
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1. Axes: the two intersecting number lines that are
perpendicular to each other in the cartesian plane are known
as axes. These are x-axis and y-axis. The horizontal number
line is called x-axis and vertical number line is called y-axis.
2. Origine: the point of intersection of the horizontal and
vertical number line. It is denoted by (0,0).
3. Quadrants: the regions that divide the cartesian plane into
four equal parts are called the quadrant. These quadrant are
numbered as quadrant I, quadrant II, quadrant III and
quadrant IV moving in a counter clock-wise direction.
4. Ordered pair: points in the cartesian plane are labeled with
ordered pair (x,y).
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 List of Functions and Their Graphs
• Some of the important functions are listed below:
1. Identity function
2. Constant function
3. Polynomial function
4. Rational functions
5. Modulus function
6. Signum function
7. Greatest integer function

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 Identity Function
Definition Figure
• Suppose the real-valued
function f : R → R by y = f(x) = x
for each x ∈ R (i.e. the set of
real numbers). Such a function
is called the identity function.
Also, the domain and range of
this function f are R. The graph
of this type of function is a
straight line passing through
the origin as shown in the
figure.

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 Constant Function
Definition Figure
• The function f: R → R by y =
f (x) = c, x ∈ R where c is a
constant and each x ∈ R is
called a constant function.
The domain of this function
is R and its range is {c}.
However, the graph of a
constant function y = f(x) =
2 is given in figure.

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 Polynomial Function
Definition Figure
• A function f : R → R is said to
be polynomial function if for
each x in R, y = f(x) = + + + …
+ , where n is a non-negative
integer and a0, a1, a2,
…,an ∈ R. The graph of this
type of function is a
parabola. The graph of a
certain polynomial function
with degree 2 is given in
figure.
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 Rational Functions
Definition Figure
• A function is of the form
f(x)/g(x), where f(x) and g(x)
are polynomial functions of
x defined in a domain such
that g(x) ≠ 0 is called a
rational function. The
example graph of a rational
function is given in figure:

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 Modulus Function
Definition Figure
• The function f: R → R
defined by y = f(x) = |x| for
each x ∈ R is called the
modulus function. The
graph of a modulus function
y = |x| is given in figure.

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 Signum Function
Definition Figure
• The function f: R → R
defined by

is called the signum function.

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 Greatest Integer Function
Definition Figure
• The function f: R → R
defined by f(x) = [x], x ∈R
assumes the greatest
integer value, less than or
equal to x. Such a function
is called the greatest integer
function. Below is the graph
for some greatest integer
functions.

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 Reference
• “Quantitative reasoning: Tools for Today
informed Citizen” by Bernard L. Madison, Lynn
and Arthur Steen.
• “Quantitative reasoning for the information
Age” by Bernard L. Madison, David M.
Bressoud.
• “Fundamentals of Mathematics” by Wade
Ellis.

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