Q2 Lesson 2

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Collects Data

Through
Observation and
Interviews
Discussant: Junilyn C. Samoya-Zozobrado
Objectives
collect data through
observation and
interviews.
Activity 1
Directions: Name the following
devices and indicate how you
think they can be used in
research. Write your answers on
your answer sheet.
Observation
is a preferred tool for collecting
data where the use of
interviews and questionnaires
are not possible, such as when
the study participants are very
young children and those with
disabilities.
Observation
When using the observation method, you
use senses to observe and study people in
their natural settings.

It involves observing behavior and


recording the results of your observations
using the following systematic guidelines:
Observations should be certain and carefully planned. Pre-
planned research questions serve as guide throughout the
process.

An observation checklist should be prepared prior to the


observation process. This shall be used for recording observations.
A video recording may also be used when observing behavioral
data that you want to measure or collect

Both qualitative and quantitative research methods may be used for


data analysis.
Observation can be used within any research
strategy. Observations can take various shapes and
use different senses and/or equipment.

In covert research, the In overt research, the


fact that they are observed participants are informed
is not known to the about the observation taking
participants. place.
TWO TYPES OF
OBSERVATION
1. Structured Observation
2. Unstructured Observation
Advantages Disadvantages
1. It is the most direct measure 1. It may require training.
of behavior. 2. It is susceptible to bias.
2. It provides direct 3. Observer’s presence may create
information. an artificial situation.
4. It can potentially overlook
3. It is easy to complete and is
meaningful aspects.
efficient. 5. It is open to misinterpretation.
4. It can be used in natural or 6. It is difficult to analyze
experimental settings.
Interview
is a personal conversation between
two or more people which constitute
the target population for the purpose
of collecting information for a
research project.
Interview…
are used to explore the preferred by researchers on
qualitative research projects due to
opinions, beliefs, its high response rate, longer
viewpoints, thoughts, time and opportunity to
experiences and view behaviors and listen to
judgements about personal views and perceptions
something. about a research topic or interest.
Types of
Interview
1. Structured interviews
are verbally administered questionnaires, in which a list of
pre-determined questions is asked with little or no
variation and with no scope for follow-up questions
to responses that warrant further elaboration.

they only allow for limited participant responses and


are, therefore, of little use if ‘depth’ is required.
2. Unstructured interviews
do not reflect any pre-conceived theories or ideas and are
performed with little or no organization.

usually very time-consuming and can be difficult to manage and to


participate in, as the lack of pre-determined interview
questions provides little guidance on what to talk about,
which may cause confusion to both participants and interviewer.
3. Semi-structured
interviews
consist of several key questions that help to define the areas to be
explored, but also allows the interviewer or interviewee to
diverge in order to pursue an idea or response in more
detail.

allows for the discovery or elaboration of information


that is important to participants but may not have previously been
thought of as pertinent by the research team.
In- depth interview
used if respondents
are not comfortable
discussing in a group.
Planning Development
Stage of
 Identify the participants in the Instrument
 Develop the interview guide
 List the question to be asked during
study first by groups. You
the interview
may use purposive sampling.
 An ideal number of not more than
15 questions may guide you in the
 Have a listing of the interview. However, further
respondents to be questions may be asked for in-depth
interviewed. probing of issues which may pop out
during the interview process.
Focus groups
used when your research interest is
on the cultural norms of a group of
people.
You will be able to generate views,
perceptions, practices and beliefs
on issues unique to the cultural
groups or subgroups represented.
Employ purposive sampling in choosing the group of
respondents.
Invite the groups of respondents in advance.

Send the information sheet and consent


form to the respondents.
Set up the technical support like video
recordings, camera, projector, etc.
Set the time and venue of the
interview.
Provide refreshments for the participants and offer them
traveling expenses; if needed.
Provide the proper orientation about the interview to
the participants.
Explain the objective or purpose of the
research study and the interview process.
Develop and use the interview
guide with open-ended questions.

You may ask further questions, clarify


issues or unclear responses.
Taking notes
How to
Audio
record the recordings
interview Video
recordings
1. Telephone interviews
2. Video link interviews like
Skype, etc.
3. Audio link like VoIP, etc.
4. Email

Other ways to interview


Advantages
Interviews are good at dealing with
topics in depth and in detail;

1. Interviews are flexible;


2. Interviews tend to prefer a
conversation to a dry
questionnaire.
Disadvantages
1. Interviews are time consuming;
2. Interviews can be unreliable,
misleading;
3. Interviews require good social skills
4. Interviews are not appropriate for
making generalizations.
Selfie 1
Directions: Complete the table by providing
the required information. Write your
answers on your notebook.
Data Collection Tool Used Other important
Method information (write
at least two)

1. Individual interview

2. Group Interview

3. Observation
Selfie 2
Directions: Answer the following questions
thoroughly. The use of additional references
is encouraged.
1. What methods and instruments will you use to gather
data to answer your research problem? Describe them.
Remember to cite your references. Why did you choose
these methods and instruments?

2. What are the parts of methods and instruments? Include


the major variables and sub-variables.

3. What rating scale will you use? Discuss it in detail.


4. Formulate a question that centers on one of
your study variables and sub-variables.

5. Cite at least five indicators for your chosen


variable and sub-variables. Answer the
following questions thoroughly. The use of
additional references is encouraged.
Thanks you for
listening!
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