Foundation

Introduction of
shallow foundation

Dr. Ashraf E. Abdel-Salam

 The foundation engineer should posses the following information
 Knowledge of soil mechanics and background of theoretical analysis
 Composition of actual soil strata in the field.
 Necessary experience-precedents-what designs have worked well under
what designs have worked well under what conditions-economic aspects
 Engineering judgment or intuition - to find solutions to the problems.
Definition of foundation
The lowest part of a structure is generally referred to as foundation.

Function of foundation
To transfer load of the superstructure to the soil on which it is resting

Requirements (Functional)
A properly designed foundation is one that transfers the structural load throughout
the soil without overstressing of soil which can result in either excessive settlement
or shear failure, both of which can damage the structure
Classification of Foundations
 Shallow foundations
 Deep Foundations

Shallow foundations located just below the lowest part of the superstructure they
support; deep foundations extend considerably deeper in to earth.

Concentrated Load

PLAN
Distributed Load

ELEVATION
Combined Rectangular Footing
Shallow Foundations

PLAN

Raft Foundation

ELEVATION

Combined Trapezoidal Footing

ISOMETRIC VIEW

Wall Footing
 Depth of Footing
The depth to which foundations shall be carried is to satisfy the following:
a. Ensuring adequate bearing capacity.
b. In the case of clay soils, footings are to penetrate below the zone where shrinkage and
swelling due to seasonal weather changes are likely to cause appreciable movement.
c. The footing should be located sufficiently below maximum scouring depth.
d. The footing should be located away from top soils containing organic materials.
e. The footing should be located away from unconsolidated materials such as garbage.
f. All footings shall extend to a depth of at least 0.80 meter below natural ground level.
On rock or such other weather-resisting natural ground, removal of the top soil may be
all that is required. In such cases, the surface shall be cleaned, so as to provide a
suitable bearing. Usually footings are located at depths of 1.5 to 2.0 meters below
natural ground level.
 Adjacent structures and property lines.
Structures may be damaged by the construction of new foundations, as a result of vibrations,
undermining by excavation or lowering of the water table. After new foundations have been
constructed, the (new) loads they place on the soil may cause settlement of previously existing
structures as a result of new stress pattern in the surrounding soil.

Part extending
property line 450
Limit for bottom of
deeper Footing Existing
In general, deeper the foundations and
Footing
closer to the old structure, greater will
be the potential for damage to old
structures.
 Pressure Distribution Below Footings

 The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a function of the type of soil, the
relative rigidity of the soil and the footing, and the depth of foundation at level of contact
between footing and soil. A concrete footing on sand will have a pressure distribution
similar to Figure a ,When a rigid footing is resting on sandy soil, the sand near the edges
of the footing tends to displace laterally when the footing is loaded. This tends to
decrease in soil pressure near the edges, whereas soil away from the edges of footing is
relatively confined.
 On the other hand, the pressure distribution under a footing on clay is similar to Figure b.
as the footing is loaded, the soil under the footing deflects in a bowl-shaped depression,
relieving the pressure under the middle of the footing. For design purposes, it is common
to assume the soil pressures are linearly distributed. The pressure distribution will be
uniform if the centroid of the footing coincides with the resultant of the applied loads, as
shown in Figure c.
Bearing Capacity : Modes of Failure

Load q (kN/m2)
Strip footing in

Settlement (mm)
dense soil

Sudden appearance of a clearly

defined distinct failure shape
General shear Failure
 Bearing Capacity : Modes of Failure

Strip footing in
Relatively loose soil Load q (kN/m2)

Settlement (mm)
qu (1)

qu (2)

Local shear Failure

When Load reaches qu(1) further settlement takes place with jerks
At q = qu(1) Not so distinct failure surface develops; does not reach
ground surface
At q = qu(2) Failure surface finally reaches ground surface; not distinct
Settlement are more in this case as compared to earlier.
Loads on foundation
Dead Load : Refers to the overall weight of the structure. Includes weight of the materials
permanently attached to the structure (such as flooring) and fixed service equipment (such as
air conditioning)

Live load : Refers to the weight of the applied bodied that are not permanent parts of the
structure. Applied to the structure during part of its useful life (e.g. people, warehouse goods).
Specified by code.

Wind loads : Acts on all exposed parts of the structure. Calculated using building codes.

Earthquake Forces : Building code is consulted.

Computation of Bearing Pressure
Design Load
- Dead Loads, D.L
- Live Loads, L.L
- Wind Loads, W
- Seismic Loads, S
- Foundation Weight Wf (assumed 10 to 15% from col. Loads)

For PLL> 75% PDL

For PLL < 75% PDL

Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil
The maximum intensity of loading at the base of a foundation which causes shear failure of
soil is called ultimate bearing capacity of soil, denoted by q u .

Allowable Bearing capacity of Soil

The intensity of loading that the soil carries without causing shear failure and without
causing excessive settlement is called allowable bearing capacity of soil, denoted by q a. It
should be noted that qa is a service load stress. The allowable bearing capacity of soil is
obtained by dividing the ultimate bearing capacity of soil by a factor of safety on the order
of 2.50 to 3.0.
Foundation settlement

The settlement of the shallow foundation can be

divided into two major categories:
• Elastic, or immediate settlement
• Consolidation settlement.
 ‫الكود المصرى لميكانيكا التربة الجزء الثالث‬

‫‪( 2/6/6/‬أ) الهبوط الكلى‬

‫يجب أال تتجاوز قيم أقصى هبوط كلى ‪ total settlement‬لألساسات الضحلة القيم المذكورة فى الجدول رقم‬
‫(‪.)4-3‬‬
‫جدول رقم (‪ )4-3‬أقصى هبوط كلى مسموح به للمنشأ المرتكز على أسسات ضحلة‬
‫نوع األساس‬ ‫أقصى هبوط ( مم ) *‬
‫تربة طينية‬ ‫‪100-150‬‬
‫تربة رملية‬ ‫‪70-100‬‬

‫•* تؤخذ القيم االكبر للمبانى االكثر جساءة و اللبشة و القيم الصغرى للقواعد المنفصلة‬
‫‪Different Settlement‬‬
‫‪Definition: The relative settlement between one part of the building to‬‬
‫‪the other part of building and cause the stress that can result building to‬‬
‫‪crack or collapse.‬‬
‫الهبوط بداللة ظل زاوية الدوران‬
‫تصنيف الحالة‬

‫‪750 : 1‬‬ ‫الحد المتوقع عنده وجود مشاكل للماكينات الحساسة للهبوط المتفاوت‬

‫‪600 :1‬‬ ‫الحد المتوقع عنده حدوث شروخ فى اإلطارات من الخرسانة المسلحة غير المحددة‬
‫استاتيكيًا‬

‫‪500 : 1‬‬ ‫الحد المطلوب للمنشآت العادية المراد خلوها من أية شروخ بالحوائط على وجه العموم‬

‫‪300 : 1‬‬ ‫الحد المتوقع عنده حدوث شروخ بالحوائط فى المبانى الهيكلية وصعوبات فى المنشآت‬
‫المحتوية على أوناش ‪ ،‬والحد الذى يمكن عنده مالحظة ميل المبانى العالية بالعين‬
‫المجردة‬
 Shallow Foundation

Spread footing Mat foundation

Strip Isolated Combined Strap

footing footing footing beam
Isolated footing

Isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column

and transfer it directly to the soil.
It is usually either square or rectangular in plan.
It represents the simplest, most economical type
and most widely used footing.
Main components of shallow foundation
- Plain concrete ( Pc )
- Reinforced concrete (Rc)
• PC is done so as to provide a strong & stable base for foundation, it
also provides a flat base for upcoming foundation rather than
undulated base.
Isolated footing (spread footing) supports single column
Given:
 Allowable bearing capacity, qall
 Characteristic strength of R.C. Fcu.`
 Steelgrade, Fy.
 Pw, Pu are service and ultimate loads
from super structure
Plain Concrete Pcol
If pc 20cm
Df
A RC= P col / q all = B RC * L RC RC Footing t RC

t
BPC = B RC - 2t PC PC Footing PC

t PC B RC t PC
L PC = L RC - 2t PC B PC

If pc ≥ 20cm

t PC
A PC= P col / q all = B PC * L PC b

L RC
a

L PC
BRC = B PC - 2t PC
L RC = L PC - 2t PC

t PC
 Pcol
Design considerations of RC footing
1 – Ultimate loads:-
RC

BMD

Design of sections under bending moment lc1

Pu = P col * 1.5

lc11
l c1 = (L RC – a )/ 2
a
l c1 = (B RC – b )/ 2
a b

B RC
Mu1 = qu *( lc1)2/2
Mu11 = qu *( lc11)2/2
d = C1 √ Mu( Kn.m) * 10 6 / fcu (N/ mm) * (b (mm) )
L RC
d = C1 √ Mu( Kn.m) * 10 6 / fcu (N/ mm) * (a (mm) )
 Pwf
A* B 
qall

Thickness of P.C. footing, t is practically

Chosen between 0.20-0.50m.
Dimensions of R.C. footing:
A1=A-2X
B1=B-2X
Contact stress between R.C. and P.C. Footings
Pu
qn1 
A1* B1

Critical section for bending moment, I-I and

II-II
at support face,
q  B1  b 
2
M I  I  M II  II  n1 Moment per meter
8
 Deign aids for LSD
Of R.C. sections
Subjected to simple
Bending

 Mu  Mu
d  C1   As 
 fcu .b  fy. j.d

Table (4-1), ECP 203-2007

Values of Rmax, mmax. and
cmax/d for sections with
t = d + cover Tension Steel Only.
Steel cover=5.0 to 7.0cm

Dim. of R.C. = A1 * B1* t

 III

Check shear :-
d

Critical section for Shear stress ,III-III at a distance d from

B RC
support face,

QSu1 =QSu2 = qu *{(( L RC - a ) /2) - d } KN/m2

: Qsu is shear force at critical sec III

qsu = Qsu * 1000 / d * b N/: qsu= shear stress d
III
L RC
qscu = 0.16 √ N/ : qsu= ultimate shear strength

If qsu
Cheack Punching shear

Q pu = Pu - qu {(b+d)(a+d)}
For a/b ≤ 0.5

q pcu = 0.316 (0.5+ a/b )√

For a/b ≥ 0.5

q pcu = 0.316 √

qpu = Q pu * / d{(b+d)+(a+d)}*2
qpu

qpu
Critical sections for punching shear
RFT :-
A sI = (M uI * ) / fy * j * d (mm) = (---) mm / B RC = ( --) /m`

A sII = (M uII * ) / fy * j * d (mm) = (---) mm / L RC = ( --) /m`

Chack As > As min Where As min = 1.5 * d(mm) = ( --) /m`

If As < Asmin === use As min

As1 = ---- / m` , AsI1 = ---- / m`

Notes:
 Minimum diameter of bars is 12 mm.
 Maximum spacing of main bars is 0.20 meter.
 No shear reinforcement in footings.
 No punching shear reinforcement in footings.
 As,min=0.60/fy not less than 0.15% of required R.C. Sec.
 Circular columns is treated as square columns with dimension = diameter.
Shallow Foundation Design
Lecture No. (3)
Eccentric Footing
• Most foundations are built so the
vertical load acts through the centroid
• This produces a fairly uniform
distribution of bearing pressure
• However, sometime it becomes
necessary to accommodate the loads
act through other points
• These are called eccentric loads, and
they produce a non-uniform bearing
pressure distribution
Eccentric Loads or Moments

e =M/ P
P = P DL =+ P LL

e = M / ( P + Wf)

where
e = eccentricity of bearing pressure distribution
M = applied moment load
P = applied vertical load
Wf = weight of foundation
Eccentric footing is an isolated or wall footing subjected
to general loading case (Moment + Axial force).

M wf = Mw + Hw* (t+t1 )

e = Mwf / PWf
 CASE 1 e < B/6 (no tension)
q max , min = P/A*B + ( M/I )* (B/2)
I = L / 12
Where I = moment of inertia

at

then
Pwf 6e
qn max,min = (1  )
A* B B
The maximum pressure q max should be less than
the safe gross bearing capacity
Case b : e = B/6 (no tension)

e = B/6
(1- 6 ( B/6 ) / B ) = 1 – 1 =0

q min = zero

2Pwf
qn max =
A* B
Case c: e > B/6 (qn min = tension)

2Pwf
qn max =
C*A

Where

C
B
C = 3  (  e)
2
Two-Way Eccentric or Moment Loading

• If the resultant load acting on the base is eccentric in both B and L

directions, it must fall within the diamond-shaped kern as shown.

• This will ensure that the contact pressure is compressive

along the entire base of the foundation
• It falls within this kern only if the following condition is met:

eB = eccentricity in the B direction

eL = eccentricity in the L direction
• If the previous equation is satisfied, the magnitudes of q at the four corners
of a square or rectangular shallow foundation are:

- uD ) ( 1 )

q = bearing pressure
P = column load
Wf = weight of foundation
A = base area of foundation
uD = pore water pressure along base of foundation
e = eccentricity of bearing pressure distribution
B = width of foundation
eB = eccentricity in the B direction
eL = eccentricity in the L direction
1- Dimensioning of P.C. footing:

Given:
 Allowable bearing capacity, qall
 Characteristic strength of R.C. Fcu.`
 Steel grade, Fy.
 Pw, Pu, Hw, Mw, Mu are service & ultimate
loads from super structure
Assume Pwf = 1.15 * Pw
to account for eccentricity
1.30 Pwf
A* B 
qall
2. Check actual contact stresses according to eccentricity case

M wf = M w  H w * (t  t1 )

M wf
e=
Pwf

Pwf 6e
qn max,min = (1  )
A* B B

2Pwf : B
qn max = C = 3  (  e)
C*B 2

qn max  q all
3- Dimensioning of R.C. footing:
M uf = M u  H u * t1
M uf
eu =
Pu
A1=A-2X
B1=B-2X
Plot the contact stress distribution by comparing
e1 to B1/6.
Critical section for bending moment, I-I and II-II at support face,
q1  q3 B1  b  C1 & J
2
M I I   Moment per meter dI & AsI
2 8
q1  q 2 A1  a  C1 & J
2
M II  II   Moment per meter dII & AsII
2 8
d = the greater of dI & dII
• Critical section for Shear stress, III-III at a distance d/2 from
support face,
q1  q5 B1  b  d  QIII  III
QIII  III    A1 qu 
2 2 A1* d

f cu
q cu  0.16  qu
c

If qu > qcu , Increase d

Critical section for Punching Shear , III-III at a distance d/2 from
support face,
q 5  q6
Qup = Pu -  (a  d)  (b  d)
2
Q up
qup =  qcup
b o .d 
bo=2(a+b+2d)
Lecture No. (4): Combined Footing
Combined Footing
 A combined footing is a long footing
supporting two or more columns
in (typically two) one row.
 A combined footing is a
rectangular or trapezoidal
shaped footing.
• Locate the point of application of the column loads on the footing.
• Proportion the footing such that the resultant of loads passes through the center of footing.
• Compute the area of footing such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
• Calculate the shear forces and bending moments at the salient points
and hence draw SFD and BMD.
• Fix the depth of footing from the maximum bending moment.
• Calculate the transverse bending moment and design the transverse section for depth and
reinforcement. Check for anchorage and shear.
• Check the footing for longitudinal shear and hence design the longitudinal steel
• Design the reinforcement for the longitudinal moment and place them
in the appropriate positions.
• Check the development length for longitudinal steel
• Curtail the longitudinal bars for economy
• Draw and detail the reinforcement
• Prepare the bar bending schedule
 A1
A
Combined Footing

a1

b2 b1 B B1
a2

R
L2 L1

C2 C1

t1 X X
t
 L
P2 L2 R P1
Plain Concrete Footing Design L1

a2 a1
 For uniform stress, Resultant should
C2 C1
be at Mid for (A)
t1 X X
𝐴
= X+ C1 + + L1 = X+C2+ + L2 t
2
A1
Assume thickness of P.C :- A

t = 0,25 ~ 0.5 m X= ( 0,8 ~ 1 ) t Assume C2 = 0,50 m

R = P1 + P2 L2 ? » L2 * R = L * P1
= X+C2+ + L2 » Get A Area = A * B =

Dim. of P.C. = A* B * t
 L
P2 L2 R L1 P1

a2 a1

C2 C1

t1

f
M max

M2

M1
Strap Footing
 Cantilever footing. A cantilever or strap footing normally
comprises two footings connected by a beam called a
strap. A strap footing is a special case of a combined
footing.
 A strap footing is used to connect an eccentrically loaded
column footing close to the property line to an interior
column as shown in the Figure.
٢