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Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Raja Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Signals and Systems

EE 231, Spring 2024


Course Information
› EE 231 Signals and Systems (3+0) will pave the road to
– Digital Signal Processing
– Analog Communication Systems
– Digital Communication Systems
› Textbook
– Oppenheim, A. V., Willsky, A. S., and Hamid, S., Signals and
Systems.
2nd Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2014.
› About myself
– Dr. Ammad Jadoon, Ph.D (Electrical Engineering)
– Class Timetable:
› Monday 1310-1400 › Friday 0855-1040
– Office hours
2 › Monday 1420-1510, › Monday 0900-0950
Course Information
› Grading
– Quizzes 10% (4 – 6)
– Assignments 10% (4 – 6)
– PBL 05%
– Mid Term Exam 30%
– Final Exam 50%

3
Course Information
› Course material
– Textbook
– Reference books
– Handouts/slides (will be uploaded on LMS)
– Class notes
› Class attendance
– Class attendance will close in first 10 min of every lecture
› Class discipline
– Academic conduct
– No noise in the class, please!
– During lectures, please raise hand if you have any question!
– Use of mobile phone in class is strictly not allowed!
4
How to manage?
› Course workload
– In a 3 credit hour course, students should expect (on average) 6
additional hours of outside work per week.
› Organize yourself
– Avoid distractions!
› Revise
– Revise the last lecture before coming to class
– Keep in mind the next topic too!

5 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS


NUST Code of Conduct
› Acts of ill-discipline by Students.
› The following, among others, shall constitute acts of ill-discipline for
which action may be taken by the Discipline Committee, namely:
– violation of public morals, such as the use of indecent and filthy language,
undesirable remarks and gestures, disorderly behavior for example, abusing,
quarrelling, fighting and insolence towards others including faculty and staff
– defiance of University/Institution Authority and its rules
– impersonation or giving false information or willful suppression of information
or cheating or deceiving
– inciting violence, use of force or destruction of University/Institution
property;
– making of speeches, shouting slogans or circulation of printed or cyclostyled
or photocopied material, e-mail, derogatory to Islam, Pakistan, the prestige of
University/Institution or malign the reputation of its faculty or staff

6
NUST Code of Conduct
– use/sale/facilitation/possession/distribution of drugs, narcotics, intoxicants,
etc., on the campus directly or indirectly
– indulgence in political/ethnic/racial/sectarian activities or taking
membership of any banned organization and participation in such like
organization for furthering the case of a political party/group
– use of unfair means in examinations
– Use/facilitation/possession of hazardous materials (biological /chemical)
and any type of weapons, firearms, explosives, crackers, etc.
– NUST Code of Conduct issued to the students will form part of these
regulations

7
Some Useful Notes
› The course will equip you with tools that you will need for future
courses
› The course involves
 the modeling of physical signals by mathematical functions
 the modeling of physical systems by mathematical equation
› Quizzes and Exams are mostly towards concepts
› The mathematical concepts and tools will be provided ahead of time.
› The course will be loaded with math!
› Keep your handouts and calculators with you!

8
Motivation by Applications
› IEEE Comsoc

9
Course Learning Outcome

Course Learning Outcome (CLOs) PLO Learnin


s g Level

Define and explain basic signals/sequences and 1 C2


CLO 1 systems, their classification and signal operations in
time domain
Describe various types of systems, their properties 1 C2
CLO 2 and solve their mathematical representation
Solve Fourier Series and Transform, Laplace and Z- 2 C2
CLO 3 transform for analyzing properties of continuous and
discrete time signals
Course Contents
1 Introduction to concepts of signals and systems
2 Definition and Classification of signals, Mathematical representation and time domain
representation of signals
3 Basics Systems Properties
4 Discrete time LTI Systems- The Convolutional Sum
5 Continuous time LTI Systems- The Convolutional Integral
6 Frequency Response of LTI Systems, Response of LTI systems to complex exponentials
Fourier Series Representation of Continuous time systems and its properties
8 Fourier Series Representation of Discrete time systems and properties
9 Continuous time signal analysis: the Fourier transform
10 Discrete Time Signal Analysis: The Fourier Transform
11 Laplace Transform, s-plane representation, Properties of Laplace transform, ROC, and
inverse Laplace transform
12 Properties of Laplace transform, ROC, and inverse Laplace transform..(Continue..)
13 The Z-Transform, ROC, Properties and inverse Z transform
14 Introduction to sampling, Representation of a continuous time signal by its samples.
15 The sampling Theorem. Signal reconstruction and Aliasing
Mapping of CLOs to Program Learning Outcomes

PLOs / CLOs CLO 1 CLO 2 CLO 3 CLO 4 CLO 5

PLO:1 (Engineering Knowledge) C2 C2

PLO:2 (Problem Analysis) C2


Signals
Signals and&Systems
Systems
• “Signal” = a time-varying voltage (or other quantity) that
generally carries some information
• The job of the “System” is often to extract, modify, transform,
or manipulate that carried information
• So… a big part of “Signals & Systems” is using
math models to see what a system “does” to a signal
Physical System System Model
vin(t) vout(t)
Audio Input x(t) Output y(t)
iPod System
Amplifier
Math
Voltage Electronics Function Math “Model” 2/5
Some Application Areas
From Table 32.1 in Electrical Engineering
Uncovered, 2nd Ed., by White & Doering

Application Area Specific Uses of Signals & Systems


Telecommunications Answering machines, modems, fax machines, cell phones, speaker phones

Speech and Audio Voice mail, speaker verification, synthetic speech, audio compression (e.g.,
mp3)
Automotive Engine control, antilock braking systems, active suspension, airbag
control, system diagnosis
Medical Hearing aids, remote monitoring, ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
Image Processing 3D animation, image enhancement, image compression (JPEG), video
compression (MPEG), high-definition TV
Control Systems Head positioning in disk drives, laser control (e.g., printers, CD/DVD drives),
engine & motor control, robots
Military & Aerospace Radar & sonar, navigation systems (e.g., GPS), secure communications,
missile guidance, battlefield sensors

In each of these areas you can’t build the electronics until your math
models tell you what you need to build 3/5
Continuous-Time & Discrete-Time
• Modern systems generally…
– get a continuous-time signal from a sensor
– a cont.-time system modifies the signal
– an “analog-to-digital converter” (ADC or A-to-D) sample the signal to create a
discrete-time signal … a “stream of numbers”
– A discrete-time system to do the processing
– convert back to C-T signal with a “Digital-to-Analog Converter” (DAC)
x(t) x[n] x[n] is just a “stream of
A time-varying
voltage (or current) numbers”

t n
Sensor Optional
Analog Digital Elec.
ADC DAC
Electronics (Computer)
Electrical
Electrical
Physical Electrical C-T Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical
D-T
System
C-T C-T System C-T Signal D-T Signal D-T Signal C-T Signal
Signal Signal
5/5

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