WRITING RESEARCH

REFERENCE STYLE

MR KAZOBA, JOEL SIMON,

FACILITATOR
 Objective …
At the end of the class the student will be
able to,
• Differentiate the reference
& bibliography.
• To study different styles of
referencing used over the world.
• To know the difference between different
styles used.
• To get the appropriate format
of reference or presenting.
What is reference style ????
• A referencing style is a specific format for
presenting intext references (footnotes or
endnotes), and bibliography.
• It is a act of referring.
Reference :
• The action of mentioning or alluding to
something or,
• The use of a source of information in order to
ascertain something.
 Why to reference ???
• Proves that substantial research has been
done to support
• our analysis .
• Enables others to follow up on our work .
• Gives credit to other people's work .
• Avoids charges of plagiarism.
• Required to support significant
all statements.
• Used to indicate the origin of material
& source for research & further
reading.
 Difference between Reference
List and Bibliography
Reference list – a list of sources we have cited
in our text arranged in the order they
appeared within the text. It is usually put at
the end of our work but it can also appear as
a footnote (at the bottom of the page), or
endnote (at the end of each chapter) which
serves a similar purpose.
Bibliography – a separate list of sources we
have consulted but not specifically cited in
our work including background reading. It is
arranged alphabetically by the author's
surname.
S. REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Are those that have been referred to or Listing of all the materials that have been
referenced in your article or book. consulted while writing article, essay or a
book.
2 All the items in reference are cited directly All the items of bibliography may not be
in the text cited directly in the text

3 Can be used to support your statement or Does not support your argument directly as
argument or used to supplement your it is not cited.
findings.
4 Used for establishing something in a more
authoritative way.

5 Readers could refer your references & Reader can not clearly establish where a
evaluate the correctness of your statement. particular item of the bibliography is
referred in your study
6 Contain source of material like quotes or Contain all research materials, including
texts, which has been actually used when books, magazines, periodicals, websites &
writing an essay or books. scientific papers, which you have referred.

7 Appear at the end of the book or article. Appear at the end of the book or article.

8 Both are available- first reference list Both are available- after reference list

9 Arranged alphabetically. Can also be Arranged alphabetically.

arranged in chronologically or Vancouver
 WRITING THE REFERENCES /
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• American Psychology Association
(APA).
• Vancouver & Harvard styles
• Campbell
• Modern language Association
(MLA)
• Chicago Manual of Style formate
• Harvard style of referencing.
• Royal society of chemistry
style
 What is APA?
• Standard style used by scholars and
students in the social sciences to cite
sources
• Developed by the American Psychological
Association
• Gives guidelines for formatting research
papers and citing sources
APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION)STYLE
Eg:Book
• Morales, L. (1987). The history of Cuba. New
York: Franklin Watts.
• Ellington, W., Jr., & Henrickson, E.B. (1995).
The elements of dance (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Book Chapter
• Tizol, W.P. (1976). Brain function and memory. In J.M.O.
Corney & H.L. Center (Eds.), An inside look at what we
think we know. (pp. 154-184). Springfield, IL: American
Psychiatric Press.
Journal Article
• Bauza,R.H. (1982).Manitobanematodes. Journal of Cool
Nematodes, 10, 252-264.
• Gillespie, R.C., & Tupac, R.M. (1976). How confident
people dance. American Dancing, 225, 82-90.
Magazine Article
• Pozo, E. R. (2008, November 19). The way she loved me.
Personal Literature, 290, 1113- 1120.
Newspaper Article
• Amazing women. (1955, January 12). The Journal News, pp.
D11, D14.
Electronic Journal Article (print version)
• Rodriguez, G., Puente, S., & Mayfield , J. (2001). Role of
upbringing in family attitudes. [Electronic version]. Journal
of Family Research, 5, 117-123.
Website
• Summers,M. (2007)
Coolscenes.RetrievedAugust27,2007,fr omhttp:
//coolscenesilove.
Thesis or dissertation (unpublished):
• Best, J. W. (1948). An analysis of certain selected factors
underlying the choice of teaching as a profession.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin,
Madison.
VANCOUVER STYLE OF REFERENCE WRITING
INTRODUCTION

• The Vancouver Style, or Uniform Requirements

Style, is based on an American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National
Library of Medicine (NLM) for database, such as Medline.

• It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of

medical journals, who now meet annually as the
International of Medical Journal
Editors
Committee (ICMJE).
• Over 500 medical journals (including prestigious journals,
such as British Medical Journal (BMJ), Canadian Medical
Association Journal (CMAJ), and Journal of American
Medical Association (JAMA) use this style.
Books :
• Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first).
Vol. (if a multivolume work). Place of publication: Publishers;
Year. Page number(s).
Parts of a Book:
• Author of part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A,
Editor B, Title: subtitle of Book. Edition (if not the first).
Place of publication: Publishers; Year. Page number(s).
Journal Articles:
• Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article
CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. Year; Vol.
(issue): page number(s).
E – Books
• Author A, Author B. Title of e-book (format). Place:
Publisher; Date of original publication (cited year abbreviated
day). Available from: Source. URL.
E – Journal
• Author A, Author B. Title of article.
Abbreviated Title of Journal (format). Year
(cited year abbreviated month day); vol.(no):
page numbers (estimated if necessary).
Available from: database name ( if appropriate).
URL.
Internet Documents:
• Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage
name (format). Source/production information;
Date of internet publication (cited year month
day). Available from: Source. URL.
Writing Reference for Non-book Formats:
• Person AA, Responsibility (if appropriate).
Title: subtitle (format). Special credits(if
appropriate). Place of publication: publishers;
Year.
 CAMPBELL STYLE

Book:
• Cronon, William. 1991. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and
the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton.
Edited Book:
• Fainstein, Susan S., and Scott Campbell, eds. 1996.
Readings in Urban Theory. Cambridge, MA and Oxford,
UK: Blackwell.
Chapter in an Edited Book:
• Fishman, Robert. 1996. Bourgeois Utopias: Visions of
Utopia. In Readings in Urban Theory, edited by S. S.
Fainstein and S. Campbell. Cambridge, MA and Oxford,
UK: Blackwell.
Journal Article:
• Harvey, David. 1992. Social Justice, Postmodernism and the City.
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16 (4): 588-
601.

Electronic Sources:
• To cite electronic sources (from the Internet), be sure to include
the standard citation information (author, date, title, organization,
etc.) AND the complete web address (url) AND the date you
accessed the web page. (It is NOT enough to simply cite the url
alone.)
• Eg. Noam Cohen. 2007. "
• A History Department Bans Citing Wikipedia as a Research “The
New York Times online. Published: February 21.
 Harvard style of referencing…
• Author’s name followed by its initials.

• Year of publication.

• Article title with single quotation mark followed by full stop.

• Name of Journal in italic form.

• Volume followed by a comma

• Issue no. in bracket.

• Page no.

Example

1. Padda, J. (2003) ‘creative writing in coventry'. Journal of writing

studies 3 (2), 44-59.
2. Lennernas, H. (1995) ‘Experimental estimation of the effective
unstirred water layer thickness in the human jejunum & its
importance in oral drug absorption’. Eur. J. pharm sci (3), 247-253.
 MLA citation style (modern
language association )
• Authors name.
• Title of article.
• Name of journal.
• Volume number followed by decimal & issue no.
• Year of publication.
• Page numbers.
• Medium of publication.

Example

1. Matarrita-Cascante, David. "Beyond Growth: Reaching

Tourism-Led Development." Annals of Tourism Research
37.4 (2010): 1141-63. Print
The Chicago manual of style
• Name of author.

• Article title in double quotation mark.

• Title of journal in italic.

• Volume.

• Year of publication.

• Page no.

• Example

1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s

”Classical Philology, 104 (2009): 440.
Royal society of chemistry style
• INITIALS. Author’s surname.

• Title of journal (abbreviated).

• Year of publication.

• Volume number.

• Pages no.

Example

H. Yano, K. Abe, M. Nogi, A. N. Nakagaito, J. Mater.

Sci., 2010, 45, 1–33.
 Conclusion
• We conclude that there are
many
standard style used for
referencing, we can use any one of
them.
• It gives us a standard format
of presenting or reference.
• Supports or significant statement
and helps to know origin of work.
 REFERENCES
• Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T ( 2011). Nursing
Research : principles and methods ( 7th ed.).
New delhi: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Sharma, S.K. (2017). Nursing Research and
Statistics ( 2nd ed.). India : Elsevier
Publication.
• Sudha, R.(2017). Research & Biostatistics for
Nurses (1st ed.). New Delhi : Jaypee brothers
medical publishers.