Welcom

ICT
By: Chukwudubem

Applications
Ihenacho

18th January 2023

 Table of Contents

Introduction Communication Data handling Measurement Microprocessors

Modeling Manufacturing School Booking Banking

 Table of Contents

Expert Systems Medicine Libraries Retail Industries Recognition System

Tracking System Satellite Conclusion

Thank You

Thank You
The end
Topic 1

Communication
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

Communication is usually
defined as the transmission
of information. The term can
also refer to the message
itself or the field of inquiry
studying these
transmissions, also known
as communication studies.
 PAPER BASED
1
3
NEWS LETTER
Used by companies to F LY E R S
communicate Informative document
certain information to staff which can be distributed
and customers to promote or create awareness
of an up and coming events.

2
4
BROCHOURES
Can be used to advertise POSTERS
a company or to larger then flyers and
be informative. are strategically
positioned to promote and
create awareness.
 PROS
PAPER BASED CONS
1
3
NEWS LETTER
Used by companies to F LY E R S
communicate
certain information to staff
• which
These communication
Informative document
• Not necessary to have a can be distributed
and customers to promotewould mainly be
or create awareness
computer or internet of an up and coming events.
distributed by hand.
connection.
2 • Printing costs
• You have a physical 4
BROCHOURES
Can be used to advertise copy of the document. POSTERS
• Restricted to a smaller
a company or to larger then flyers and
be informative. target
are audience.
strategically
positioned to promote and
create awareness.
 COMPUTER BASED

1 2

WEBSITES M U LT I M E D I A
Websites can be used to research, P R E S E B TAT I O N
social network,
online gaming or for The presentation will be a focal point
online shopping and banking. on the projector whilst the speaker
is presenting

3 4

A N I M AT I O N S MUSIC SCORES
Animations can also be created using Music can now be created and edited
specialist software to promote on computers. It can be used as part
new products. of adverts or slogans.
 COMPUTER
PROS BASED CONS

1 2
• Websites can be hacked
•
W E B S I T E SCan include interactive MU and
LTinformation
I M E D I A may be
elements such as sound,
Websites can be used to research, P R E S E B TAT ION
altered.
social network,
online gaming or forvideo, animation and The presentation will be a focal point
on the projector whilst the speaker
online shopping and banking.
hyperlinks. • Setting up website and
is presenting

maintaining would be
• Can be available on
3 expensive
4 and would
different platforms. require a special skill
A N I M AT I O N S M U S I C S C Oset. RES
Animations can also be created using Music can now be created and edited
specialist software to promote on computers. It can be used as part
new products. of adverts or slogans.
 MOBILE BASED

1 3

PHONE CALLS BROWSING

Allows users to make a audio phone calls THE INTERNET
to each other from
any location within the network Email and social networking applications
coverage area. are now available on mobile phones which
makes it easier for users to stay in contact
with each other

2 4

TEXT MESSAGES Voice Over Internet

Allows user to send simple messages Protocol (VoIP)
to each other even if the recipients
phone is turned When voice calls are taken place over
of or not within network coverage. an internet connection
 MOBILE
PROS BASED CONS

1 3
• • Long distance calls or
P H O N E C A L L SA mobile phone is BROWSING
portable and can be
Allows users to make a audio phone calls T Hphones
E I N T calls E R Nin E Tdifferent
Email and socialcountries could be
to each other from
any location within the networkused on the move. networking applications
coverage area. expensive.
are now available on mobile phones which
makes it easier for users to stay in contact
• Mobile phone contracts with each other

can offer free minutes • Mobile signal could be

2 and texts. weak4or non existent in
TEXT MESSAGES some
Voice Over places.
Internet
Allows user to send simple messages Protocol (VoIP)
to each other even if the recipients
phone is turned When voice calls are taken place over
of or not within network coverage. an internet connection
ANY QUESTIONS?
DATA
HANDLING
APPLICATI
ON
Topic 2
WHAT IS DATA HANDLING?

Data handling is the

process of ensuring that
research data is stored,
archived or disposed off in
a safe and secure manner
during and after the
conclusion of a research
project.
 ADVANTAGES

• Data can be updated, organized, sorted and searched in different

ways.

• Data can displayed or printed in different formats.

• Data can be backed up or moved using storage media.

• Huge storage space not required (filing cabinets)

 TECHNIQUES

1 2
ADDRESS SU RV EY
Mobile phones include Information from surveys
address could
books which include be held on a database so
contact names, numbers, that data could be
email addresses etc. analyzed and queried.
 TECHNIQUES

3 4

SCHOOL RECORDS SOCIETY RECORDS

Student records including Information on current members
assessment including
and behavior data. names and contact details.
Also staff data could also Also members methods of payment
be held on database to pay membership fee.
5

LIBRARIES
Information on current books
which are available to borrow
and
members of the libraries
ANY QUESTIONS?
Topic 3

MEASUREMENT
APPLICATIONS
MEASUREMENT APPLICATION

Sensors are placed to

measure physical variables.
The data from sensors are
measured in analogue. The
analogue signal is then
converted to a digital signal
using a convertor.
 CYCLE
3 1
OUTPUT SENSORS
As a result of the processing, An input devices
the computer can send a signal called sensors
to the output devices called
feed data into the
actuators which could change
physical conditions. computer

2
PROCESS
The computer then processes the
input data. Sensor readings are
compared to the preset values
 EXPLANATION
CYCLE
3 1
OUTPUT SEN
As a result of the processing,
• Data imputed inSsensor
O R S is in its
An input devices
the computer can send a signal analogue form
called sensors
to the output devices called
feed data into the
actuators which could change
physical conditions. • To be read bycomputer
the computer
the
data has to be digital

• An ADC does the conversion,

now the computer can read and
2 effect required task
PROCESS
The computer then processes the
input data. Sensor readings are
compared to the preset values
 EXAMPLES

• Thermometer for measuring temperature

• Anemometer for measuring wind speed
• Wind vane for measuring wind direction
Weather Hygrometer for measuring humidity
Station
•
• Barometer for measuring atmospheric
pressure

Sensors are placed in the green house to

measure whether plants are growing in the
Green House correct conditions: Light, Moisture, Humidity,
PH Levels

Sensors will be attached to the body to

Patients Vital monitor: heartbeat, blood pressure,
Signs temperature etc.
 WYH USE COMPUTERS?

• Computers do not require breaks.

• Readings are more accurate compared to humans.
• Readings are taking more frequently.
• Data can be analyzed and compared with existing data.
• Automatic graphs can be created.
• Sensors can work in extreme conditions which could be
dangerous for humans.
• People can complete other tasks whilst the systems works
automatically.
• If human intervention is required then a signal will be sent to the
buzzer.
ANY QUESTIONS?
MICROPROCES
SOR IN
CONTROL
APPLICATIONS
TOPIC 4
MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATION

• Sensor readings are compared to the

pre-set value which are inputted by
the user.

• If sensor readings are below or higher

then then the pre-set value then a
signal will be sent to the actuator to
change the physical conditions.

• Process is constantly will be repeated.

 EXAMPLE

Examples Process Microprocessor Output

Compares light, temperature, • Light on/off
moisture to Pre-set value. • Heater on/off
Sends signal to actuator is • Motor open/close
Green House necessary. Process is constantly windows
repeated

Compares Vital signs (heartbeat, • Buzzer will alert staff to

blood pressure, temperature to any vital signs which are
Pre-set value. below the expected
Patients Vital Sends signal to actuator is values.
Signs necessary. Process is constantly
repeated
EXAMPLES
 TURLTE GRAPHICS

COMMAND MEANING
FORWARD X Move x cm forward
BACKWARD X Move x cm backward
LEFT d Turn left d degrees
RIGHT d Turn right d degrees
REPEAT n Repeat the following instruction n times
ENDREPEATE Finish repeat loop
PENUP Lift pen up
PENDOWN Lower the pen
ANY QUESTIONS?
MODELIN
G
APPLICATI
ON
TOPIC 5
 COMPUTER MODEL

A computer model is an
abstract mathematic
representations of a real-
world event, system,
behavior, or natural
phenomenon.
 WHY?

• To save costs and time by testing a system before you build it. e.g.
Creating bridges.

• To train people on how to use the system in a safe controlled

environment. e.g. Flight Simulators.

• To investigate the capabilities of the system in detail by

interrogating and manipulating the computer model.

• To make predictions of how the system would operate in the

future. e.g. Use of spreadsheets to track profit/loss over time
 TYPES

1 2

SPREADSHEET F L I G H T S I M U L AT O R
• Business used can use • Pilots are able to learn how to fly a plane using a
spreadsheets to forecast flight simulator.
spreadsheet models to forecast
future profit or loss. • The controls and the interface is the same as real
plane.
• Due to the use of formulas
business can adjust certain • Different conditions can be tested.
values to see automatic
changes in potential revenue. • Reduced costs as a plane would not be damaged
in the training.
 TYPES

3 4
B U I L D I N G S I M U L AT O R TRAFFIC LIGHTS
• Before buildings are • A traffic light simulator
constructed simulations take looks at the flow of traffic
place to ensure they are fit for (data captured from
purpose. sensors).

• Simulations ensure the • The simulator will adjust the

potential building could cope lights to best control the
with physical demands flow of traffic.
including earthquake/storm
threats.
ANY QUESTIONS?
APPLICATIONS
IN
MANUFACTURI
NG INDUSTRIES
TOPIC 6
MANUFACTURING APPLICATION
Robots are used in
manufacturing to help to
improve productivity,
consistency (in terms of final
finish) and to reduce overall
running costs. Robots
generally make the factory a
much more safer
environment for workers
 USES

LIFT A S S E M B L E PA R T S
H E AV Y I T E M S TOGETHER

PA I N T M A N U FA C T U R I N G
I T E M S ( S P R AY I N G ) MICROCHIP
 PROCESS
3 1
The robot is now able to Robots are programmed
carry out the same with a sequence of
sequence of instructions instructions. The
over and over again. programmer may guide the
robot through each step
physically or by
controlling the robot by
remote.

2
Exact sequence of
movement is stored in
the memory.
 PROS CONS

• Robots can work 24/7 with the • Robots cannot easily adapt to a
same consistency and accuracy situation which is beyond their
compared to humans. sequence of instructions.

• Robots can be more productive • Robots can be expensive to buy

than humans. and maintain.

• Robots can work in extreme • Some workers may loose their

conditions not suitable for jobs as robots can do more labor
humans intensive jobs.

• Robots do not need to be paid. • People are deskilled due to robots

doing more complicated jobs.
ANY QUESTIONS?
SCHOOL
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Topic 7
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

These systems provide

functionality from applications
and class enrollment to detailed
performance monitoring and
financials. Administration
management typically includes
both faculty and students.
 WAYS

LEARNER
R E G I S T R AT I O N C R E AT I N G
A N D AT T E N D A N C E T I M E TA B L E O R
COVER
• Teachers will be able to click on a particular • Timetables can be produced
class and complete the register. using management systems.
• Once this is saved then other users of the • They are generally quicker to
management system can see who has been create and less prone to errors
register for that particular period. compared to a paper based
system.
• This is useful as it allows teachers to see who
should be attending their lessons. • Timetables can also be produced
cover classes when teachers are
• Data of attendance can then be easily absent and lessons need to be
analyzed. covered.
 WAYS

LEARNER
PERFORMANCE EXAM
T I M E TA B L E
• Teacher are able to log student data
(grades/applications/reports/behavio • Exam Timetables can be
r) into a school management system. produced using management
systems and teachers who are
• This data is then available (central not teaching could be easily
storage of data) to anyone other allocated to invigilate exams.
members of staff.

• The data can analyzed and reports

can be produced.
 BENEFITS

• Parents are able to log in and access

student reports online.

• They can be kept up to date about

exam results and general student
progress in subjects.

• Also they can receive immediate

feedback. There would be no need for
printed reports which would reduce
costs.
ANY QUESTIONS?
BOOKING
SYSTEM

Topic 8
 BOOKING SYSTEM

A computer booking system is a

system whereby publicly
accessible computers can be
reserved for a period of time.
These systems are commonly used
in facilities such as public libraries
to ensure equitable use of limited
numbers of computers.
 EXAMPLES

Transport: Flight, Trains

and Buses Entertainment: Theatre, Cinema
and Stadium

Accommodation: Hotels,
Apartments and Villas
 PROCESS
3 1
OUTPUT INPUT
booking confirmations User will select the
/rejections requirements of the
alternatives/Payment booking. E.g. date of
flights, Airports,
Location etc.

2
PROCESSING
involves checking if bookings
are possible (availability)
 PROS CONS

• User can check availability of tickets

and compare prices on comparison • It may be difficult to cancel a
websites. booking and get your money back.

• Confirmation message is sent • Online booking services have known

instantly once payment has been to crash to high level of traffic to the
authorized. website.
• They prevent double booking as the
• You are unable to receive specific
process is real time. This means if
somebody makes a booking then it advice on your booking if it is done
instantly becomes unavailable. online.

• You may receive special offers if you • Websites may not be user friendly
regularly book using a particular and may make the booking process
booking website. more difficult.
ANY QUESTIONS?
BANKING
SYSTEM

Topic 9
 BANKING SYSTEM

Banks and other financial institution

are heavy users of computers
in maintaining customer's
accounts, ledger, updating,
electronic fund transfer and
processing of huge amount of
cheques, credit cards, and the
major transactions that takes
place daily.
 EFT

Electronic Fund Transfer

(EFT) allows money to be
•
transferred electronically from
one account to another. An
example of EFT is when an
Employer pays their employees
their salaries.
• C
o
 PROS CONS
EFT
• No physical money is
transferred which makes the • Money could be transferred from
transfer moreElectronic
secure. Fund Transferthe incorrect account.
(EFT) allows money to be
• Transfer of salaries can be • Incorrect
transferred electronically from amount of money could
regulated by the government be transferred by mistake.
one account
(e.g. Used in Qatar to ensure to another. An
employers are example of EFT is when an
paying their • If you have a poor credit rating
Employer
employees on time). pays their employees
then you may not be declined to
their salaries. use EFT as a method of payment
• Customers can set up standing
(e.g. paying monthly for a mobile
orders (direct debit) to pay bills phone contract).
on specific dates.
 AT M
ATM (Cash
ATM machines) can be
used for various
purposes (including
PIN Customer may be asked to select a language. cash
The PIN number is withdrawal/deposit,
compared with the PIN checking/printing
stored in the chip. The customer types in the PIN. statement).
If Pin is the same then
the customer can
Proceed. If Pin is correct then the customer will select a
If not customer will be
requested to re- enter
service.
the Pin.
If customer selects the Cash Withdrawal then
they are requested to select an amount to USE
withdraw Cash Withdrawal
SUFFICIENT Cash Deposit
FUNDS If there are sufficient funds and the amount is Check Balance
The customer’s account is Print Statement
checked to see if it has within the card limit the required notes are issued. Phone Top-up
sufficient funds.
The amount is also checked
against the card limit or
Customer is requested if they would like a
daily withdrawal limit.
receipt. The card is then returned to the customer
 AT M
Processing credit/debit
ATM card Transactions
ATM (Cash
machines) can be
used for various
purposes (including
PIN Customer may be asked to select a language. cash
The PIN number is withdrawal/deposit,
compared with the PIN checking/printing
stored in the chip. The customer types in the PIN. statement).
If Pin is the same then
the customer can
Proceed. If Pin is correct then the customer will select a
If not customer will be
requested to re- enter
service.
the Pin.
If customer selects the Cash Withdrawal then
they are requested to select an amount to USE
withdraw Cash Withdrawal
SUFFICIENT Cash Deposit
FUNDS If there are sufficient funds and the amount is Check Balance
The customer’s account is Print Statement
checked to see if it has within the card limit the required notes are issued. Phone Top-up
sufficient funds.
The amount is also checked
against the card limit or
Customer is requested if they would like a
daily withdrawal limit.
receipt. The card is then returned to the customer
 AT M
Processing credit/debit
Clearing
ATM ofcard
Cheques
Transactions
ATM (Cash
machines) can be
used for various
purposes (including
PIN Customer may be asked to select a language. cash
The PIN number is withdrawal/deposit,
compared with the PIN checking/printing
stored in the chip. The customer types in the PIN. statement).
If Pin is the same then
the customer can
Proceed. If Pin is correct then the customer will select a
If not customer will be
requested to re- enter
service.
the Pin.
If customer selects the Cash Withdrawal then
they are requested to select an amount to USE
withdraw Cash Withdrawal
SUFFICIENT Cash Deposit
FUNDS If there are sufficient funds and the amount is Check Balance
The customer’s account is Print Statement
checked to see if it has within the card limit the required notes are issued. Phone Top-up
sufficient funds.
The amount is also checked
against the card limit or
Customer is requested if they would like a
daily withdrawal limit.
receipt. The card is then returned to the customer
 BANKING PROS CONS
Customers can now access their bank • Can be accessed from • Internet connection
accounts online on secure websites various platforms and required.
using authentication techniques. Some used 24/7 including
banks have also developed online whilst on the move. • Less personable for
banking applications to allow those who would
customers to access their accounts via • Save time and costs- prefer direct
mobile phones and tablets. No Travelling or communication
ONLIINE Customers can use the on-line banking money spent on with a bank
BANKING system to: travelling or parking. representative .
• Check their balance and print
statements • Statements can be • Your account could
• Manage direct debits downloaded from a be hacked or
• Transfer money internally and given time period. passwords stolen
externally to other accounts using from key logging
EFT. • Several layers of software.
• Apply for loans or credit cards. authentication.

Phone banking is very similar to online • Can talk directly to a • Call costs
banking in that customers can representative from • May be put on hold
complete similar tasks. Customers will the bank. for a long time.
PHONE have to enter in their account details to • Call times (9am-
BANKING authenticate them to the system. Then • Ask additional 5pm) are not
they will have to select from various queries which are not flexible
options by the specified numbers keys. available online.
ANY QUESTIONS?
EXPERT
SYSTEMS

Topic 10
 Expert systems

Expert systems are used to

provide expert opinions
without the need for the
expert by using a system
allowing the user to query the
knowledge base to find
solutions to their problems.
 TECHNIQUES

1 2
USER
SU RV EY
I N T E R FA C E
Information is developed by
Will allow user to interact with experts based on a collection of
the system to receive feedback. facts and rules.
For example the user may be For Example a medical
prompted to enter their 3
diagnosis expert system would
symptoms for a medical issue. be developed by doctors.
INFRENCE ENGINE
The Inference engine will act as a
search engine. It will query the
knowledge base to match the query of
the user.

Additional questions could be to

user to provide a more specific
diagnosis
 CREATINGAN EXPERT SYSTEM

• Data is gathered/collected from experts to create a knowledge

base.

• The rules base is designed/created based on the information from

the knowledge base.

• A user interface screen is designed/created which would provide

the user with the ability to interact with the system.

• The inference engine is designed/created as link between the user

interface and the knowledge base.

• The system is tested.

 EXAMPLES

• For Medical Diagnosis

• Used in petroleum engineering

• Used in Financial Investment

• Used for Car Diagnosis

ANY QUESTIONS?
COMPUTERS
IN MEDICINE

Topic 11
COMPUTERS IN MEDICINE

Major uses of computers in

medicine include hospital
information system, data analysis in
medicine, medical imaging
laboratory computing, computer
assisted medical decision making,
care of critically ill patients,
computer assisted therapy and so
on.
DO YOU KNOW ANY WAY ICT
IS USED IN MEDICINE?
 WAYS
TYPE USE PROS CONS

• Keeping patient records • Computers can take • Equipment could

in a database so correct more accurate an more be expensive.
diagnosis can be given frequent readings of
according to patients patients. • Training would be
medical history. • Computers can respond required.
quicker to any changes
• Monitoring patients (vital in patients condition. • Regular
Information signs) using measure and • Staff are available to maintenance of the
Systems in Medicine control systems complete other tasks. system would be
• Data can be stored in required.
• The use of expert central place.
systems to diagnose an • Saving physical space • Systems could
illness. which would be required stop responding.
to stored paper records.
 WAYS

TYPE USE PROS CONS

• Surgical and Diagnostic • Printing is relatively • Technology is still

Aids cheap. in the early stages of
development.
• Prosthetics • Printing can be faster
compared to • Limited selection of
• Tissue engineering manufacturing parts. materials available.
3D PRINTERS
• Artificial blood vessels

• Designs of medical tools

and equipment
ANY QUESTIONS?
COMPUTERS
IN LIBRARIES

Topic 12
COMPUTERS IN LIBRARIES

The use of computers in the

functions, activities, and services
in libraries is called Library
Automation. Library automation
refers to the use of the computer
to automate the typical
procedures of libraries such as
cataloging and circulation
DO YOU KNOW ANY WAY ICT
IS USED IN LIBRARIES?
 WAYS

ISSUING OF BOOKS ADVANTAGES

• Books and members can be identified by • Data from the books and the members are
unique barcodes which can be scanned in entered quickly and more accurately
directly by barcode scanners. compared to manual methods.

• When a book is taken out the bar code is

scanned as well as the barcode on the
members card.

• The due date is worked out by the date the

book was issued
 WAYS

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING ADVANTAGES

• The library’s database is checked on a daily basis • Members would be able to

to check which books are due. extend the lease period on
the book borrowed online.
• Liberians can quickly check if a book is available
to be borrowed or could provide specific dates to
members when the book will be returned.

• Automatic emails could be sent to the members to

remind them of the due date.
ANY QUESTIONS?
COMPUTERS
IN RETAIL
INDUSTRIES
Topic 13
COMPUTERS IN RETAIL INDUSTRIES

In retailing, therefore, where computers

are used, they are usually applied to
clerical activities, such as wages and
salaries, recording physical movements
of goods into stores, warehouses and, in
transit, monitoring progress on
purchase orders, doing accounts, etc
 EFTPOS EFTPOS
EFTPOS (Electronic
Fund Transfer Point
Customer gives bank card to cashier at POS of Sale) is when a
customer uses a card
PIN The cashier enters the card in to the chip and pin to complete a
If Pin is the same then transaction.
reader and confirms the value of the purchase.
the customer can
Proceed.
The customer is requested to enter their pin. If Pin
The card will also be matches the Pin stored on the chip then the transaction
checked for validity can continue
(expiry date/stolen).
The shops computer will use the account details on the
chip to connect to the customers bank account and
check the balance
POS
POS (Point of Sale) is the
place a transaction takes
If funds are sufficient then the transaction will be place. Customers can pay
SUFFICIENT approved. by cash or using their
FUNDS debit/credit cards. Stock
If funds are not available a The purchase amount is subtracted from the control systems can
declined message will be customer’s account and deposited into the shops automatically update stock
sent to the stores computer. banks account records when items are
The cashier will then purchased at the POS.
request for another
method of payment Once the transaction is complete receipt will be
printed. The cashier will give the card and receipt to the
customer.
 PROS CONS

• Internet is now available on more

platforms including applications • Online accounts could be
available on phones and tablets. hacked/cards details could be
stolen.
• Internet can be accessed 24/7.
• Users require a internet connection
• No need to travel (saves money on and need to be computer literate.
travel/parking)
• Lack of socializing/exercising.
• Saves time (No need to que in the
banks or shops) • You can not see the goods before you
buy (try on clothes).
• Access to wide range of goods on
the internet. • Delays in delivery.
 EFFECTS ON THE COMPANY

• Less retail outlets required which means no rent or utility costs.

• Less staff required in retail outlets however specialist staff would

have to be employed to maintain the website and run the dispatch
department.

• Online presence would attract more customers (Global).

• Lack of customer interaction

ANY QUESTIONS?
RECOGNITION
SYSTEMS

Topic 14
 Recognition Systems

Recognition Systems are used to directly

enter data into a computer system.
Recognition systems tend to be more
accurate and quicker method of entering
data into a computer system compared to
manual methods.
 EXAMPLES

1 2
MICR OMR
Magnetic ink which are Pencil or pen marks are
found at the bottom of scanned in by the OMR
the cheques are scanned (Optical Mark Reader).
in to MICR (Magnetic
Ink Character Reader).
 EXAMPLES

3 4
OCR RFID
Scanned text is Uses radio waves to capture
converted into a format and store information on a
which can be edited. tag.
 EXAMPLES

5
NUMBER
P L AT E S
Sensors are used to detect a
car (if its gone over the line)
and a signal will be send to
the microprocessor to take
the image of the number
plate.
ANY QUESTIONS?
TRACKING
SYSTEMS

Topic 15
Reasons for Monitoring and Tracking Systems

• Surveillance (Potential
Criminals/Terrorists)

• Tracking released prisoners to ensure

they stay within an agreed
location(Ankle monitors)

• Monitoring customers buying patterns.

 EXAMPLES

Key Logging
Key logging software monitors which
keys
have been pressed. Passwords and
personal
details can be obtained for malicious
purposes by hackers
 EXAMPLES
Call Monitoring Cookies
Calls can be monitored by police as When a user visits a website a cookie
part of is created which could store the user
surveillance operations. browsing preferences:
Calls may also be monitored as • Language settings
training tool • Items in the shopping cart
in call centers to improve employees • Links which have been click on
performance the quality of the Cookies essentially leave an
customer electronic footprint on user
service browsing habits.
 EXAMPLES

Number Plate Recognition

Number plates can be tracked by cameras
situated in specific locations to keep track
of whereabouts of a specific individuals to
whom the car is licenced too.
ANY QUESTIONS?
SATELLITE
SYSTEMS

Topic 16
 GPS (Global Positioning Systems)

GPS can determine a specific locations

using satellite navigation systems.
• Cars, Ships, Planes can use GPS when
navigating to specific locations.
• Walkers to locate position on
hills/mountains.
• Used by runners to calculate distance.
 PROS CONS

• Drivers do not have to use

maps
• Loss of signal
• GPS can re-route and find
quickest routes. • Maps have to be updated
(New roads may not be
• Can provide useful shown)
locations of amenities (e.g
Petrol stations)
GIS (Geographic Information System)

GIS allows for potential locations to

be analyzed based on specific queries.
GIS will allow users to see specific
details on a location.

GIS will then combine these

specific details and allow the
user to specify certain criteria
about a particular location.
 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
Business can use GIS to identify a suitable location for their
business taking into consideration:

• Road links which could be easily accessible for

customers and suppliers.
• Proximity of Customers to potential retail outlets.
• Availability of potential retail outlets mapped by
the GIS to give options to the business.
• Environmental features to avoid being close to
flood risk zones.
ANY QUESTIONS?