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Chapter 9

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66 views16 pages

Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Ali Harb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-9:

Sampling Distributions

MACT 2222, Statistics for business

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Outline: Sampling Distributions
1. Sampling
2. Sampling Distribution of the Sample mean
3. Central Limit Theorem
4. Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Proportion
Sampling Distributions
1. A sampling distribution is created by, as the name
suggests, sampling.
2. The sample mean is a random variable because its
value is different from one sample to another.
3. Like any other random variable has a probability
distribution called the sampling distribution of . .
4. The sampling distribution of has a mean of µ, the
original population mean, and a standard deviation
called the standard error of the mean given as .

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Cont’D
5. If the sample is coming from a normal distribution
which means that we are interested in a variable
that follows the normal distribution then follows a
normal distribution with a mean µ and a standard
error
6. If the sample is not coming from a normal
distribution and if the sample size is sufficiently
large (n≥30) then the sample mean will be
approximately normal according to the central limit
theorem.
Cont’D
7. The sample mean is standardized using the
following Z score
Sample Proportion
• If someone is interested in knowing the proportion
or the percentage (π) of a certain category of a
qualitative variable, then a sample is selected from
the population of interest and the proportion of
the category of interest is then calculated as
p=x/n
Where x is the size of this category in the sample or
in other words the number of successes and n is
the sample size.
Cont’D
8. The sample proportion p=x/n (x is the number of successes and n is the sample size) is
also a random variable with a probability distribution called the sampling distribution of
p. The sampling distribution of p has a mean of π and a standard deviation (standard
error) of

9. The sample proportion p can be treated as a sample mean. This can be done by assigning
the value 1 to the category of interest (success) and zero otherwise. The mean in this
case will be equivalent to the proportion. Therefore the central limit theorem can be
applied to the sample proportion p when the sample size (n≥30), i.e. the sample
proportion is approximately normal when (n≥30). The sample proportion is
standardized using the following Z score
Example 1
• The foreman of a bottling plant has observed that
the amount of soda in each “32-ounce” bottle is
actually a normally distributed random variable,
with a mean of 32.2 ounces and a standard
deviation of .3 ounce.
• If a customer buys one bottle, what is the
probability that the bottle will contain more than
32 ounces?
• Regular old look up a normal probability.

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Example 1
• We want to find P(X > 32), where X is normally
distributed and μ =32.2 and σ =.3
• “there is about a 75% chance that a single
bottle of soda contains more than 32oz.”

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1Example
• The foreman of a bottling plant has observed that the
amount of soda in each “32-ounce” bottle is actually a
normally distributed random variable, with a mean of
32.2 ounces and a standard deviation of .3 ounce.
• If a customer buys a carton of four bottles, what is
the probability that the mean amount of the four
bottles will be greater than 32 ounces?

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Example 1

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Example 1
• If a customer buys a carton of four bottles,
what is the probability that the mean
amount of the four bottles will be greater
than 32 ounces?

• “There is about a 91% chance the mean of


the four bottles will exceed 32oz.”

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Example 2
Given the population of men has normally distributed weights
with a mean of 172 lb and a standard deviation of 29 lb
a) if one man is randomly selected, find the probability that
his weight is greater than 167 lb.
P(x > 167) = 0.5675
b) if 12 different men are randomly selected, their mean
weight is greater than 167 lb. P( x > 167) = 0.7257

It is much easier for an individual to deviate from the mean


than it is for a group of 12 to deviate from the mean.
Example 3

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Summary
We only need to know that we have three
different z-scores
1. One for X,
2. One for ,
3. One for
4. We only use the normal distribution to find
any probability related to any of the above.
Learning Outcomes

Student is able to
• Describe the sampling distribution of the
sample mean
• Describe the sampling distribution of the
sample proportion
• Calculate the probabilities for the sample
mean and the sample proportion.

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