Week 3 – 5

Chapter 3

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Recap of Chapter 2

 Charge
 Current
 Voltage
 Power & Energy
 Ohm’s Law

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NntY-D6ySZ0&ab_channel=ProfMAD

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DwMfGEtQUCk&ab_channel=GauravJ-TheElectricalGuy

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 Chapter 3
Voltage and
Current Laws

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3 reproduction or display.
Nodes, Paths, Loops, Branches

 these two networks are equivalent

 there are _____
3 nodes and _____
5 branches
 a path is a sequence of nodes
 a loop is a closed (circular) path
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Kirchhoff’s Current Law

KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents entering

any node is zero.

iA + iB + (−iC) + (−iD) = 0
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KCL: Alternative Forms

 Current IN is zero:
iA + iB + (−iC) + (−iD) = 0

 Current OUT is zero:

(-iA )+ (-iB ) + iC + iD = 0

 CurrentIN=OUT:
iA+ iB = iC + iD
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Example of KCL Application

Find the current through resistor R3 if it is known that

the voltage source supplies a current of 3 A.

Answer: i =6 A

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Practice

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltages around

any closed path is zero.

v1 + (-v2 )+ (+v3) = 0

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KVL: Alternative Forms

 Sum of RISES is zero (clockwise from B):

v1 +(- v2 ) + v3 = 0

 Sum of DROPS is zero (clockwise from B):

(-v1 ) + v2 + (-v3 ) = 0

 Two paths, same

voltage (A to B):
v1 = (-v3 ) + v2
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Example: Applying KVL
Find vR2 (the voltage across R2) and the voltage vx.

Answer: vR2 = 32 V and vx= 6 V.

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Applying KVL, KCL, Ohm’s

Example: find the current ix and the voltage vx

Answer: vx= 12 V and ix =120 mA

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Applying KVL, KCL, Ohm’s

Solve for the voltage vx and and the current ix

Answer: vx=8 V and ix= 1 A

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Series Connections

All of the elements in a circuit that carry the

same current are said to be connected in
series.

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Parallel Connections

Elements in a circuit having a common voltage

across them are said to be connected in
parallel.

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Example: Single Loop Circuit
Calculate the power absorbed by each circuit element.

Answer:

p120V = −960 W, p30 = 1920 W

pdep = −1920 W, p15 = 960 W

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Practice Problem

 Inthe circuit of Fig. 3.14, find the power

absorbed by each of the five elements in the
circuit.

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Example:
Single Node-Pair Circuit
Find the voltage v and the currents i1 and i2.

Answer: v = 2 V, i1 = 60 A, and i2 = 30 A
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Example:
Single Node-Pair Circuit
Determine the value of v and the power supplied by the
independent current source.

Answer: v = 14.4 V, power from current source is 345.6 mW

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Series and Parallel Sources

Voltage sources
connected in series
can be combined
into an equivalent
voltage source:

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 Series and Parallel Sources

Current sources connected in parallel can be

combined into an equivalent current source:

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Impossible Circuits

 Our circuit models are idealizations that can

lead to apparent physical absurdities:

 Vsin parallel (a) and Is in series (c) can lead to

“impossible circuits”
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Resistors in Series

Using KVL shows:

Req = R1 + R2 + … + RN
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Example: Circuit Simplifying

Find i and the power supplied by the 80 V source.

Answer: i = 3 A and p = 240 W supplied

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Resistors in Parallel

Using KCL shows:

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Two Resistors in Parallel

Two resistors in parallel can be

combined using the
product / sum
shortcut.

Connecting resistors in parallel makes

the result smaller :

0.5 min(R1, R2) < R1||R2 < min(R1,R2)

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Practice Problem: Rab?

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Practice Problem: Rab?

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Practice Problem: Rab?

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Practice Problem: Rab?

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Practice Problem: Rac?

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Voltage Division

Resistors in series “share” the voltage applied to

them.

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Voltage Division

Resistors in series “share” the voltage applied to

them.

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Example: Voltage Division

Find vx

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 Practice Problem
For the circuit below, Vs​=15V, and V2​=5V. Determine the value of the voltage Vo​.

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Current Division

Resistors in parallel “share” the current through

them.

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Current Division

Resistors in parallel “share” the current through

them.

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Example: Current Division

Find i3(t)

Answer: i3(t) = 1.333 sin t V

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Practice Problem
For this circuit, determine the value of i1

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Summary

 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the

algebraic sum of the
 currents entering any node is zero. (Examples
3.1, 3.4)
 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of the voltages around any
closed path in a circuit is zero. (Examples 3.2,
3.3)

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Summary

 All elements in a circuit that carry the same

current are said to be connected in series.
 Elements in a circuit having a common
voltage across them are said to be connected
in parallel.
 Voltage sources in series can be replaced by a
single source, provided care is taken to note
the individual polarity of each source.

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Summary

 Current sources in parallel can be replaced by

a single source, provided care is taken to note
the direction of each current arrow.
 A series combination of N resistors can be
replaced by a single resistor having the value
Req = R1 + R2 …….+ RN.
 A parallel combination of N resistors can be
replaced by a single resistor having the value

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Summary

 Voltage division allows us to calculate what

fraction of the total voltage across a series
string of resistors is dropped across any one
resistor (or group of resistors).
 Current division allows us to calculate what
fraction of the total current into a parallel
string of resistors flows through any one of the
resistors.

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