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Thermal Energy

The document discusses different types of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains key concepts such as temperature, thermal energy, heat, specific heat, and how these relate to changes in the kinetic and potential energy of particles. Examples are provided to illustrate heat transfer through various materials and systems.

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bisratbirhanu52
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8 views

Thermal Energy

The document discusses different types of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains key concepts such as temperature, thermal energy, heat, specific heat, and how these relate to changes in the kinetic and potential energy of particles. Examples are provided to illustrate heat transfer through various materials and systems.

Uploaded by

bisratbirhanu52
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch.

6
Thermal Energy
6.1: Temperature and Heat

 Temperature
 measure of the
average kinetic
energy of the
particles in a
sample of
matter
 Thermal Energy
 the total energy of the particles in
a material
 KE - movement of particles
 PE - forces within or between
particles due to position
 depends on temperature, mass,
and type of substance
 Which beaker of water has more
thermal energy?
 B - same temperature, more mass

80ºC 80ºC

A B
400 mL

200 mL
 Heat
 thermal energy that flows from
a warmer material to a cooler
material
 Like work, heat is...

 measured in joules (J)


 a transfer of energy
 Why does A feel hot and B feel cold?
 Heat flows from A to your hand = hot.
 Heat flows from your hand to B = cold.

80ºC 10ºC

A B
 Specific Heat (Cp)
 amount of energy
required to raise
the temp. of 1 kg
of material by 1
degree Kelvin
 units: J/(kg·K)
or J/(kg·°C)
 Which sample will
take longer to heat to
100°C?

50 g Al 50 g Cu

• Al - It has a higher specific heat.


• Al will also take longer to cool down.
Q = m  T  Cp
Q: heat (J)
m: mass (kg)
T: change in temperature (K or °C)
Cp: specific heat (J/kg·K)

– Q = heat loss
T = Tf - Ti + Q = heat gain
 Calorimeter
 device used to
measure
changes in
thermal energy
 in an insulated
system, Coffee cup Calorimeter

heat gained = heat lost


 A 32-g silver spoon cools from 60°C to 20°C.
How much heat is lost by the spoon?

GIVEN: WORK:
m = 32 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 60°C m = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Tf = 20°C T = 20°C - 60°C = – 40°C
Q=? Q = (0.032kg)(-40°C)(235J/kg·K)
Cp = 235 J/kg·K Q = – 301 J
 How much heat is required to warm 230 g
of water from 12°C to 90°C?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 230 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 12°C m = 230 g = 0.23 kg
Tf = 90°C T = 90°C - 12°C = 78°C
Q=? Q = (0.23kg)(78°C)(4184 J/kg·K)
Cp= 4184 J/kg·K Q = 75,061 J
6.2: Heat Transfer
 Heat flows from hot to cold.
 If you hold something cold, heat flows
from hand to object.
 If you hold something hot, heat flows
from object to hand
 Conduction- transfer of thermal energy
through matter by the direct contact of
particles
 Occurs because particles are in
constant motion
 KE transferred as particles collide
Conduction
 Heating of metal pan-
 Particles in handle of pan move slowly
 Fast moving particles from the bottom
bump into slower particles and speed
them up
 Occurs until all particles move the same
speed
 Conduction works best in solids-
especially metals- because particles are
close together
Conduction & Convection
 Metals- good conductors-because electrons
move easily & transfer KE to nearby particles

 Fluid- any materials that flows

 Convection- transfer of energy in a fluid by


the movement of heated particles

 Convection currents transfer heat from


warmer to cooler parts of a fluid.
 Convection vs. Conduction-
 Conduction involves collisions and
transfers of energy.
 Convection involves movement of
the energetic particles from one
location to another
Convection
 Convection- results in changes in density
 As particles move faster, they get farther
apart
 Fluid expands as temperature increases
 Larger volume = smaller density
 Decreasing density causes the rise of the
warmer fluid
 Lava Lamp-
 Cool oil = dense = sits on the bottom
 Warmer oil = less dense than alcohol & rises
 As it rises, it loses energy through conduction
Oil starts to
lose heat by
conduction
and falls

 Oil is
warm, so it
rises  When oil is
cool
Convection Currents
 Currents in which warm portions of the
fluid move through the substance-
convection
 The warm portions transfer energy to
the cool section through conduction
Heat Transfer on Earth
 At equator- earth experiences the most heat
from the sun.
 Result: evaporation of water and large
accumulations of clouds.
 As the water vapor rises, it cools and
condenses, forming rain
 After the rain = dry air
 Dry air causes moisture to evaporate, drying
out the ground – causes desert
 Convection currents create deserts and rain
forests over different regions of Earth
Radiation
 Transfer of heat to the earth – occurs
through radiation
 Radiation- the transfer of energy by
electromagnetic waves. The waves
travel through space even without
matter
 Radiant Energy – Energy transfer by
radiation
 When radiation strikes a substance:

 Some energy is absorbed


 some is reflected
 some is transmitted through the material
 Amount of energy that is absorbed,
reflected and transmitted depends on:
 Type of material
 Dark absorb more energy than light
 To control the flow of heat: Use clothing,
blankets, layers of fat, fur, etc.
 Insulator- material that does not allow heat
to flow through easily
 Gases – like air- are good insulators
because:
 Gas particles are very far apart & can’t
transmit energy through conduction.
 If the gas is also held in place, particles
can’t move around and warm up the rest
of the gas
Insulation
 Insulation is made of fluffy materials
containing pockets of trapped air –
prevents heat loss
 Thermos- vacuum layer between 2 layers
of glass
 Vacuum contains few particles so
conduction & convection don’t occur.
 Thermos- coated in aluminum

 Reflects electromagnetic waves that


would either heat the substance or allow
the substance to cool
The end

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