Thermal Energy

Ch.
6
Thermal Energy
6.1: Temperature and Heat
 Temperature
 measure of the
average kinetic
energy of the
particles in a
sample of
matter
 Thermal Energy
 the total energy of the particles in
a material
 KE - movement of particles
 PE - forces within or between
particles due to position
 depends on temperature, mass,
and type of substance
 Which beaker of water has more
thermal energy?
 B - same temperature, more mass
80ºC 80ºC
A B
400 mL
200 mL
 Heat
 thermal energy that flows from
a warmer material to a cooler
material
 Like work, heat is...
 measured in joules (J)

 a transfer of energy
 Why does A feel hot and B feel cold?
 Heat flows from A to your hand = hot.
 Heat flows from your hand to B = cold.
80ºC 10ºC
A B
 Specific Heat (Cp)
 amount of energy
required to raise
the temp. of 1 kg
of material by 1
degree Kelvin
 units: J/(kg·K)
or J/(kg·°C)
 Which sample will
take longer to heat to
100°C?
50 g Al 50 g Cu
• Al - It has a higher specific heat.

• Al will also take longer to cool down.
Q = m  T  Cp
Q: heat (J)
m: mass (kg)
T: change in temperature (K or °C)
Cp: specific heat (J/kg·K)
– Q = heat loss
T = Tf - Ti + Q = heat gain
 Calorimeter
 device used to
measure
changes in
thermal energy
 in an insulated
system, Coffee cup Calorimeter
heat gained = heat lost

 A 32-g silver spoon cools from 60°C to 20°C.
How much heat is lost by the spoon?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 32 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 60°C m = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Tf = 20°C T = 20°C - 60°C = – 40°C
Q=? Q = (0.032kg)(-40°C)(235J/kg·K)
Cp = 235 J/kg·K Q = – 301 J
 How much heat is required to warm 230 g
of water from 12°C to 90°C?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 230 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 12°C m = 230 g = 0.23 kg
Tf = 90°C T = 90°C - 12°C = 78°C
Q=? Q = (0.23kg)(78°C)(4184 J/kg·K)
Cp= 4184 J/kg·K Q = 75,061 J
6.2: Heat Transfer
 Heat flows from hot to cold.
 If you hold something cold, heat flows
from hand to object.
 If you hold something hot, heat flows
from object to hand
 Conduction- transfer of thermal energy
through matter by the direct contact of
particles
 Occurs because particles are in
constant motion
 KE transferred as particles collide
Conduction
 Heating of metal pan-
 Particles in handle of pan move slowly
 Fast moving particles from the bottom
bump into slower particles and speed
them up
 Occurs until all particles move the same
speed
 Conduction works best in solids-
especially metals- because particles are
close together
Conduction & Convection
 Metals- good conductors-because electrons
move easily & transfer KE to nearby particles
 Fluid- any materials that flows
 Convection- transfer of energy in a fluid by

the movement of heated particles
 Convection currents transfer heat from

warmer to cooler parts of a fluid.
 Convection vs. Conduction-
 Conduction involves collisions and
transfers of energy.
 Convection involves movement of
the energetic particles from one
location to another
Convection
 Convection- results in changes in density
 As particles move faster, they get farther
apart
 Fluid expands as temperature increases
 Larger volume = smaller density
 Decreasing density causes the rise of the
warmer fluid
 Lava Lamp-
 Cool oil = dense = sits on the bottom
 Warmer oil = less dense than alcohol & rises
 As it rises, it loses energy through conduction
Oil starts to
lose heat by
conduction
and falls
 Oil is
warm, so it
rises  When oil is
cool
Convection Currents
 Currents in which warm portions of the
fluid move through the substance-
convection
 The warm portions transfer energy to
the cool section through conduction
Heat Transfer on Earth
 At equator- earth experiences the most heat
from the sun.
 Result: evaporation of water and large
accumulations of clouds.
 As the water vapor rises, it cools and
condenses, forming rain
 After the rain = dry air
 Dry air causes moisture to evaporate, drying
out the ground – causes desert
 Convection currents create deserts and rain
forests over different regions of Earth
Radiation
 Transfer of heat to the earth – occurs
through radiation
 Radiation- the transfer of energy by
electromagnetic waves. The waves
travel through space even without
matter
 Radiant Energy – Energy transfer by
radiation
 When radiation strikes a substance:
 Some energy is absorbed

 some is reflected
 some is transmitted through the material
 Amount of energy that is absorbed,
reflected and transmitted depends on:
 Type of material
 Dark absorb more energy than light
 To control the flow of heat: Use clothing,
blankets, layers of fat, fur, etc.
 Insulator- material that does not allow heat
to flow through easily
 Gases – like air- are good insulators
because:
 Gas particles are very far apart & can’t
transmit energy through conduction.
 If the gas is also held in place, particles
can’t move around and warm up the rest
of the gas
Insulation
 Insulation is made of fluffy materials
containing pockets of trapped air –
prevents heat loss
 Thermos- vacuum layer between 2 layers
of glass
 Vacuum contains few particles so
conduction & convection don’t occur.
 Thermos- coated in aluminum
 Reflects electromagnetic waves that

would either heat the substance or allow
the substance to cool
The end

Thermal Energy

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Ch.

 measured in joules (J)

• Al - It has a higher specific heat.

heat gained = heat lost

 Fluid- any materials that flows

 Convection- transfer of energy in a fluid by

 Convection currents transfer heat from

 Some energy is absorbed

 Reflects electromagnetic waves that

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