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    Fundamentals

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    Fundamentals

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    Fundamentals

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 47

    FUNDAMENTALS

    • REAL NUMBERS
    • EXPONENTS AND RADICALS
    • ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
    • RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
    • EQUATIONS
    • COMPLEX NUMBERS
    • MODELING WITH EQUATIONS
    • INEQUALITIES
    • CIRCLES
    • LINES
    • SOLVING EQUATIONS AND
    INEQUALITIES GRAPHICALLY
    • INVERSE VARIATION
    2.ABSOLUTE
    VALUE AND
    DISTANCE Definition of Absolute Value
    If a is a real number, then the
    absolute value of a is:
    the distance from to on the
    real number line
    THE REAL LINE
    (COORDINATE LINE / REAL NUMBER LINE)
    Distance between points on the real line

    If and are real numbers, then the distance between

    the points and on the real line is:


    Example: Distance Between Points on the Real Line

    The distance between the numbers -3 and 1 is:

    We can check this calculation geometrically:


    EXPONENTIAL NOTATION
    If a is any real number and n is a positive integer, then the nth power
    of a is:

    The number a is called the base, and n is called the exponent.


    SCIENTIFIC
    NOTATION SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
    A positive number is said to be
    written in scientific notation if it
    a compact way of writing very large
    numbers and very small numbers is expressed as follows:

    where and is an
    integer
    Example:

    • The distance to the star Proxima Centauri is km

    • The mass of a hydrogen atom is 1.66 g


    RADICALS
    Definition of nth Root
    If n is any positive integer, then the principal
    nth root of a is defined as follows:

    means

    If is even, we must have and


    ! Notice that

    BUT

    The equation is true not only for square


    roots, but for any even root.
    Definition of Rational Exponents
    For any rational exponent m/n in lowest
    terms, where m and n are integers and ,
    RATIONAL we define:

    or equivalently
    EXPONENTS If is even, then we require that .
    Example: Simplifying by Writing Radicals as Rational Exponents

    1 1

    ( ) =( 𝑎 ) =𝑎
    1 3 3
    2 2
    √ 𝑎 √ 𝑎= 𝑎𝑎 2 2 4
    RATIONALIZING THE
    STANDARD FORM
    DENOMINATOR
    AThe
    fractional
    procedureexpression
    of eliminating
    whose 1 = 1 ∙ 1= 1 √ 𝑎
    =
    √ 𝑎
    ∙ 𝑎
    denominator
    the radical incontains
    a denominator
    no radicals √ 𝑎 √ 𝑎 √ 𝑎 √ 𝑎
    TIP

    √𝑎 √𝑎
    𝑛 𝑚𝑛 𝑛 −𝑚
    =√ 𝑎
    𝑛
    = √ 𝑎 =𝑎
    𝑚+𝑛− 𝑚 𝑛 𝑛

    𝑚<𝑛,𝑎>0
    Example: Rationalizing the Denominator

    √ 1 √𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎
    7 4 7 4 7 4
    7 1 1
    = = ∙ = =
    𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 𝑎
    3 7 3 7 3 7 4 7 7
    3.ALGEBRAIC monomial
    6
    EXPRESSIONS
    Using addition, subtraction, binomial
    multiplication, division, powers,
    and roots to combine variables, 5 𝑥 +1
    such as , , and , and some real
    numbers .
    four terms 1 3
    8− 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
    2
    2
    MULTIPLYING
    ALGEBRAIC
    EXPRESSIONS
    use the Distributive Property
    repeatedly to multiply algebraic
    expressions.
    Example: Multiplying Polynomials
    Find the product:
    Solution: Using the Distributive Property
    Using Table
    Form:
    i n g Tr in o mi a ls
    Facto r
    rm
    l o f t h e fo
    a t r i n o m i a
    To fa cto r
    o te t h a t :
    , we n
    Check the
    Answer
    Multiplying
    gives
    Example
    Factor: by Trial and Error.
    Solution:
    4. RATIONAL
    EXPRESSIONS
    Fractional Expression
    a Fractional Expression is a quotient
    of two algebraic expressions.

    Rational expression
    a Rational Expression is a fractional
    3𝑥
    expression with its numerator and √𝑥 −2
    denominator are polynomials.
    Multiplying

    We multiply two numerators and


    two denominator separately. 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧.𝑥 𝑧.𝑥
    . = =
    3 2 3.2 6
    Dividing

    we multiply the first 𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 4 4∙ 𝑧


    one with the other’s ÷ = ∙ =
    reciprocal.
    3 4 3 𝑦 3∙ 𝑦
    Adding
    and
    Subtracting
    we find a common
    denominator then add or
    subtract the numerators.
    Rationalizing 1 +√ 3

    Multiply the numerator or


    the denominator by their
    relevant conjugate radical
    expressions.
    5. EQUATIONS
    Equation

    statement with two mathematical


    expressions that are equal.
    Example:
    by factoring
    Solve the
    equation
    by completing
    the square

    By using the
    formula
    Using the
    Formula
    Discriminant
    l y i n g b y L C D
    M u l t i p

    Isolating th
    en squaring

    Setti n g n e w
    v a r i a b l e
    6. COMPLEX
    NUMBER
    Complex number
    Adding and
    Subtracting

    Add the real parts and the


    imaginary parts.
    Multiplying 2
    𝑖 =− 1

    Multiply complex
    numbers like binomials.
    Dividing

    Multiply the numerator 𝑎 +𝑏𝑖


    and the denominator by 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
    the complex conjugate of
    the denominator.
    ( )( )
    𝑎+𝑏𝑖 𝑎+𝑏𝑖 𝑐−𝑑𝑖 (𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)+(𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑)𝑖
    = = 22
    𝑐+𝑑𝑖 𝑐+𝑑𝑖 𝑐−𝑑𝑖 𝑐 +𝑑
    Guidelines for modeling
    with equations:

    1. Identify the Variable


    7. MODELING
    WITH
    2. Translate from Words
    to Algebra
    3. Set up the Model
    4. Solve the Equation and
    Check your Answer EQUATIONS
    Example: Mary inherits $16,000 and invests it in two certificates of deposit.
    One certificate pays 4% and the other pays 6% simple interest annually. If Mary’s
    total interest is $800 per year, how much money is invested at each rate?
    In Words In Algebra
    Amount invested at 4%
    Simple interest formula:I=Prt

    Amount invested at 6%

    Interest earned at 4% => So Mary has invested $8,000 at


    4% and the remaining $8,000 at 6%.
    Interest earned at 6%
    If the quantities and are related by an
    equation:
    (, is a constant)

    12. INVERSE
    VARIATION
    Example: The formula 𝑇=gives us the temperature in degrees
    Fahrenheit at a depth in feet below Earth’s surface. At the depth of 500 ft,
    the temperature may be 28°F. Find the temperature at the depth of 2000
    ft.

    30
    28

    25

    Temperature (0 Fahrenheit)
    20

    15 14

    Depth Temperature 10
    7
    500 ft 28 5

    1,000 ft 14
    0
    400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
    2,000 ft Depth (feet)
    Thank
    you

    Any questions ?

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