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FUNDAMENTALS

• REAL NUMBERS
• EXPONENTS AND RADICALS
• ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
• RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
• EQUATIONS
• COMPLEX NUMBERS
• MODELING WITH EQUATIONS
• INEQUALITIES
• CIRCLES
• LINES
• SOLVING EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES GRAPHICALLY
• INVERSE VARIATION
2.ABSOLUTE
VALUE AND
DISTANCE Definition of Absolute Value
If a is a real number, then the
absolute value of a is:
the distance from to on the
real number line
THE REAL LINE
(COORDINATE LINE / REAL NUMBER LINE)
Distance between points on the real line

If and are real numbers, then the distance between

the points and on the real line is:


Example: Distance Between Points on the Real Line

The distance between the numbers -3 and 1 is:

We can check this calculation geometrically:


EXPONENTIAL NOTATION
If a is any real number and n is a positive integer, then the nth power
of a is:

The number a is called the base, and n is called the exponent.


SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
A positive number is said to be
written in scientific notation if it
a compact way of writing very large
numbers and very small numbers is expressed as follows:

where and is an
integer
Example:

• The distance to the star Proxima Centauri is km

• The mass of a hydrogen atom is 1.66 g


RADICALS
Definition of nth Root
If n is any positive integer, then the principal
nth root of a is defined as follows:

means

If is even, we must have and


! Notice that

BUT

The equation is true not only for square


roots, but for any even root.
Definition of Rational Exponents
For any rational exponent m/n in lowest
terms, where m and n are integers and ,
RATIONAL we define:

or equivalently
EXPONENTS If is even, then we require that .
Example: Simplifying by Writing Radicals as Rational Exponents

1 1

( ) =( 𝑎 ) =𝑎
1 3 3
2 2
√ 𝑎 √ 𝑎= 𝑎𝑎 2 2 4
RATIONALIZING THE
STANDARD FORM
DENOMINATOR
AThe
fractional
procedureexpression
of eliminating
whose 1 = 1 ∙ 1= 1 √ 𝑎
=
√ 𝑎
∙ 𝑎
denominator
the radical incontains
a denominator
no radicals √ 𝑎 √ 𝑎 √ 𝑎 √ 𝑎
TIP

√𝑎 √𝑎
𝑛 𝑚𝑛 𝑛 −𝑚
=√ 𝑎
𝑛
= √ 𝑎 =𝑎
𝑚+𝑛− 𝑚 𝑛 𝑛

𝑚<𝑛,𝑎>0
Example: Rationalizing the Denominator

√ 1 √𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎
7 4 7 4 7 4
7 1 1
= = ∙ = =
𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 √𝑎 𝑎
3 7 3 7 3 7 4 7 7
3.ALGEBRAIC monomial
6
EXPRESSIONS
Using addition, subtraction, binomial
multiplication, division, powers,
and roots to combine variables, 5 𝑥 +1
such as , , and , and some real
numbers .
four terms 1 3
8− 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
2
2
MULTIPLYING
ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
use the Distributive Property
repeatedly to multiply algebraic
expressions.
Example: Multiplying Polynomials
Find the product:
Solution: Using the Distributive Property
Using Table
Form:
i n g Tr in o mi a ls
Facto r
rm
l o f t h e fo
a t r i n o m i a
To fa cto r
o te t h a t :
, we n
Check the
Answer
Multiplying
gives
Example
Factor: by Trial and Error.
Solution:
4. RATIONAL
EXPRESSIONS
Fractional Expression
a Fractional Expression is a quotient
of two algebraic expressions.

Rational expression
a Rational Expression is a fractional
3𝑥
expression with its numerator and √𝑥 −2
denominator are polynomials.
Multiplying

We multiply two numerators and


two denominator separately. 𝑧 𝑥 𝑧.𝑥 𝑧.𝑥
. = =
3 2 3.2 6
Dividing

we multiply the first 𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 4 4∙ 𝑧


one with the other’s ÷ = ∙ =
reciprocal.
3 4 3 𝑦 3∙ 𝑦
Adding
and
Subtracting
we find a common
denominator then add or
subtract the numerators.
Rationalizing 1 +√ 3

Multiply the numerator or


the denominator by their
relevant conjugate radical
expressions.
5. EQUATIONS
Equation

statement with two mathematical


expressions that are equal.
Example:
by factoring
Solve the
equation
by completing
the square

By using the
formula
Using the
Formula
Discriminant
l y i n g b y L C D
M u l t i p

Isolating th
en squaring

Setti n g n e w
v a r i a b l e
6. COMPLEX
NUMBER
Complex number
Adding and
Subtracting

Add the real parts and the


imaginary parts.
Multiplying 2
𝑖 =− 1

Multiply complex
numbers like binomials.
Dividing

Multiply the numerator 𝑎 +𝑏𝑖


and the denominator by 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
the complex conjugate of
the denominator.
( )( )
𝑎+𝑏𝑖 𝑎+𝑏𝑖 𝑐−𝑑𝑖 (𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)+(𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑)𝑖
= = 22
𝑐+𝑑𝑖 𝑐+𝑑𝑖 𝑐−𝑑𝑖 𝑐 +𝑑
Guidelines for modeling
with equations:

1. Identify the Variable


7. MODELING
WITH
2. Translate from Words
to Algebra
3. Set up the Model
4. Solve the Equation and
Check your Answer EQUATIONS
Example: Mary inherits $16,000 and invests it in two certificates of deposit.
One certificate pays 4% and the other pays 6% simple interest annually. If Mary’s
total interest is $800 per year, how much money is invested at each rate?
In Words In Algebra
Amount invested at 4%
Simple interest formula:I=Prt

Amount invested at 6%

Interest earned at 4% => So Mary has invested $8,000 at


4% and the remaining $8,000 at 6%.
Interest earned at 6%
If the quantities and are related by an
equation:
(, is a constant)

12. INVERSE
VARIATION
Example: The formula 𝑇=gives us the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit at a depth in feet below Earth’s surface. At the depth of 500 ft,
the temperature may be 28°F. Find the temperature at the depth of 2000
ft.

30
28

25

Temperature (0 Fahrenheit)
20

15 14

Depth Temperature 10
7
500 ft 28 5

1,000 ft 14
0
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
2,000 ft Depth (feet)
Thank
you

Any questions ?

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