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Introduction To Statistics

This document provides an overview of statistics. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to make decisions. It discusses key terms like population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It outlines the two main branches of statistics - descriptive statistics, which involves organizing and summarizing data, and inferential statistics, which uses samples to draw conclusions about populations. It also covers data classification, experimental design, different sampling methods, and approaches to data collection.

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Anju Thomas
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120 views17 pages

Introduction To Statistics

This document provides an overview of statistics. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to make decisions. It discusses key terms like population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It outlines the two main branches of statistics - descriptive statistics, which involves organizing and summarizing data, and inferential statistics, which uses samples to draw conclusions about populations. It also covers data classification, experimental design, different sampling methods, and approaches to data collection.

Uploaded by

Anju Thomas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An Overview of Statistics

Introduction to Statistics

What Is Statistics? Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions.
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Important Terms
Population
The collection of all responses, measurements, or counts that are of interest.

Sample
A portion or subset of the population.

Important Terms
Parameter
A number that describes a population characteristic.
Average gross income of all people in the United States in 2002.

Statistic
A number that describes a sample characteristic.
2002 gross income of people from a sample of three states.

Two Branches of Statistics


Descriptive Statistics
Involves organizing, summarizing, and displaying data.

Inferential Statistics
Involves using sample data to draw conclusions about a population.

Data Classification

Levels of Measurement
A data set can be classified according to the highest level of measurement that applies. The four levels of measurement, listed from lowest to highest are: 1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio
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Levels of Measurement
1. Nominal: Categories, names, labels, or
qualities. Cannot perform mathematical operations on this data. Ex: type of car you drive, your major

2. Ordinal: Data can be arranged


in order. You can say one data entry is greater than another. Ex: TV ratings, condition of patient in hospital
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Levels of Measurement
3. Interval: Data can be ordered and
differences between 2 entries can be calculated. There is no inherent zero (a zero that means none). Ex: Temperature, year of birth

4. Ratio: There is an inherent zero.


Data can be ordered, differences can be found, and a ratio can be formed so you can say one data value is a multiple of another. Ex: Height, weight,
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Experimental Design

Random Sample: Each member of the population


has an equal chance of being selected.

Simple Random Sample: All samples of the


same size are equally likely. Assign a number to each member of the population. Random numbers can be generated by a random number table, software program or a calculator. Data from members of the population that correspond to these numbers become members of the sample.
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Stratified Random Samples


Divide the population into groups (strata) and select a random sample from each group. Strata could be age groups, genders or levels of education, for example.

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Cluster Samples
Divide the population into individual units or groups and randomly select one or more units. The sample consists of all members from selected unit(s).

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Systematic Samples
Choose a starting value at random. Then choose sample members at regular intervals.
We say we choose every kth member. In this example, k = 5. Every 5th member of the population is selected.

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Other Samples
Convenience Sample: Choose readily available members of the population for your sample.

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Data Collection
Experiment:
Apply a treatment to a part of the group.

Simulation:
Use a mathematical model (often with a computer) to reproduce condition.

Census:
A count or measure of the entire population.

Sampling:
A count or measure of part of the population.
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