Wondo Genet college of Forestry and Natural

Resources
Department Of GIS

Course Title: Web Application

Development
Course code:ITCS2111
By Tizita obssa(MSc.)

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 Internet Technologies and Protocols

Overview of the Internet

 The Internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link networking devices
worldwide.
 The Internet is a network of networks that consists
of millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks, of local to global scope,
that are connected by a wide range of wired and
wireless networking technologies.
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 World Wide Web(WWW)
 WWW is a system of hyperlinked documents
that can be accessed via the Internet using a
web browser.
 Each web page may contain links to other
pages using hypertext.
 It is a collection of web pages (eg. HTML
formatted documents), applications and
services.

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 Comparison of Internet and WWW
Internet
The Internet is a massive network or
networks, a networking
infrastructure.
It connects millions of computers
together globally using ICP/IP
protocol suite.
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Cont…
 Internet was developed first.
 It is a network in which any computer can
communicate with any other computer as long
as they are both connected to the Internet.

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 World Wide Web(WWW)
 The World Wide Web is a way of accessing
information over the Internet.
 It is an information-sharing model that is built on
top of the internet.
 WWW is a middleware that uses the HTTP
protocol to transmit data.
 WWW was developed later and uses the Internet
infrastructure.
 WWW is distributed system that consists of layers of
software, applications, services and web pages.
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 Client Server architecture
 A network architecture in which each
computer or process one the network is either
client or server is called client server
architecture.

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Cont..

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 Components
 Clients
 Servers
 Communication Network

Server

Client

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 Client
 Applications that run on Computers
 Rely on Servers for
– Files
– Devices
– Processing power
 example: E-mail client, web browsers, online
chat clients.
– E-mail client An application that enables you to send and
receive e-mail

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 Servers
 Computers or processes that manage network
resources
• Disk Drives(file servers )
• Printers(print servers )
• Network traffic( Network servers)
 Example: Database Server, FTP servers, application
servers, names servers, mail servers, file servers. Print
servers, and terminal servers.
• Database Server A computer system that
processes database queries
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 Communication Networks
• Networks connect clients and servers.

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Cont..

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 Application Functions
 Software applications are separated into
three distinct parts.

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 2-tier Architecture
2-tier architecture is where a client talks
directly to a server.

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 3-Tier Architecture
• 3-Tier Architecture used a middleware

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 Web - How it Works ?
• On the simplest level, the Web physically
consists of the following components −
• Your personal computer − This is the PC at
which you sit to see the web.
• A Web browser − A software installed on your
PC which helps you to browse the Web.
• An internet connection − This is provided by an
ISP and connects you to the internet to reach to
any Website.
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 Cont..
• A Web server − This is the computer on which a
website is hosted.
• Routers & Switches − They are the combination
of software and hardware who take your request
and pass to appropriate Web server.
• The Web is known as a client-server system. Your
computer is the client and the remote computers
that store electronic files are the servers.

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 Cont…
• When you enter something like Google.com the
request goes to one of many special computers on
the Internet known as Domain Name
Servers (DNS). All these requests are routed
through various routers and switches. The domain
name servers keep tables of machine names and
their IP addresses, so when you type in
Google.com it gets translated into a number, which
identifies the computers that serve the Google
Website to you.
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 Cont..
• When you want to view any page on the Web,
you must initiate the activity by requesting a
page using your browser. The browser asks a
domain name server to translate the domain
name you requested into an IP address. The
browser then sends a request to that server
for the page you want, using a standard called
Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP.

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 Cont...
• The server should constantly be connected to
the Internet, ready to serve pages to visitors.
When it receives a request, it looks for the
requested document and returns it to the
Web browser. When a request is made, the
server usually logs the client's IP address, the
document requested, and the date and time it
was requested. This information varies server
to server.
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 Cont…
• An average Web page actually requires the Web
browser to request more than one file from the
Web server and not just the HTML / XHTML page,
but also any images, style sheets, and other
resources used in the web page. Each of these files
including the main page needs a URL to identify
each item. Then each item is sent by the Web
server to the Web browser and Web browser
collects all this information and displays them in
the form of Web page.
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 In Short

• We have seen how a Web client - server interaction

happens. We can summarize these steps as follows −
• A user enters a URL into a browser (for example,
Google.com. This request is passed to a domain name
server.
• The domain name server returns an IP address for the
server that hosts the Website (for example,
68.178.157.132).
• The browser requests the page from the Web server
using the IP address specified by the domain name
server.
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 Cont…
• The Web server returns the page to the IP
address specified by the browser requesting
the page. The page may also contain links to
other files on the same server, such as images,
which the browser will also request.
• The browser collects all the information and
displays to your computer in the form of Web
page.

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 Web - Browser Types

• Web Browsers are software installed on your PC.

To access the Web, you need a web browser, such
as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer
or Mozilla Firefox.
• Currently you must be using any sort of Web
browser while you are navigating through our site
tutorialspoint.com. On the Web, when you
navigate through pages of information, this is
commonly known as web browsing or web
surfing.
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 Cont..
• There are four leading web browsers − Explorer,
Firefox, Netscape, and Safari, but there are many
others browsers available. You might be interested
in knowing Complete Browser Statistics. Now we
will see these browsers in bit more detail.
• While developing a site, we should try to make it
compatible to as many browsers as possible.
Especially sites should be compatible to major
browsers like Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Netscape,
Opera, and Safari.
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 Internet Explorer
• Internet Explorer (IE) is a product from
software giant Microsoft. This is the most
commonly used browser in the universe. This
was introduced in 1995 along with Windows
95 launch and it has passed Netscape
popularity in 1998.
• You can download a latest version of this
browser by clicking here →
Download Internet Explorer
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 Google Chrome

• This web browser is developed by Google and

its beta version was first released on
September 2, 2008 for Microsoft Windows.
Today, chrome is known to be one of the most
popular web browser with its global share of
more than 50%.
• You can download a latest version of this
browser by clicking here →
Download Google Chrome
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 Mozilla Firefox

• Firefox is a new browser derived from Mozilla.

It was released in 2004 and has grown to be
the second most popular browser on the
Internet.
• You can download a latest version of this
browser by clicking here → Download Firefox

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 Safari

• Safari is a web browser developed by Apple

Inc. and included in Mac OS X. It was first
released as a public beta in January 2003.
Safari has very good support for latest
technologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc.
• You can download a latest version of this
browser by clicking here → Download Safari

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 Opera

• Opera is smaller and faster than most other

browsers, yet it is full- featured. Fast, user-
friendly, with keyboard interface, multiple
windows, zoom functions, and more. Java and non
Java-enabled versions available. Ideal for
newcomers to the Internet, school children,
handicap and as a front-end for CD-Rom and
kiosks.
• You can download a latest version of this browser
by clicking here → Download Opera
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 Konqueror

• Konqueror is an Open Source web browser with

HTML 4.01 compliance, supporting Java applets,
JavaScript, CSS 1, CSS 2.1, as well as Netscape
plugins. This works as a file manager as well as it
supports basic file management on local UNIX
filesystems, from simple cut/copy and paste
operations to advanced remote and local network
file browsing.
• You can download a latest version of this browser
by clicking here → Download Konqueror
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 Lynx

• Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web

browser for users on Unix, VMS, and other
platforms running cursor-addressable,
character-cell terminals or emulators.
• You can download a latest version of this
browser by clicking here → Download Lynx

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 What is protocol and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP 1.0/HTTP 1.1/secure HTTP)

• Protocol is a standard procedure for defining

and regulating communication.
• example TCP,UDP,FTP,HTTP, SMTP,DNS….etc.
• HTTP is the web’s application –layer protocol
for transferring various forms of data between
server and client like plaintext, hypertext,
image videos and sounds.

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