GLOBAL INTERSTATE

SYSTEM
MODULE 3
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.Explain the effects of globalization on governments.
2.Identify the institutions that govern international relations;
and
3. Differentiate informationalism from globalism
 INTRODUCTION
• The state has traditionally been the subject of most interest scholars of global
politicsbecause it is viewed as “the institution that creates warfare and sets
economic policies of a country”. Furthermore, the state is a political unit that has
authority over its own affairs. In other words, its borders are recognized by other
countries. It is assumed that whoever is in charge of those borders has the right
to determine exactly what is going to happen in their country. The treaty of
Westphalia of 1648 established the notion of the nation-state and the idea of
state sovereignty. Today, the globalization of politics created an atmosphere
where the ideas of the nation-state, state sovereignty, government control, and
state policies are challenged from all sides.
• With globalization, some scholars suggest a decrease in the power of the state
and that other actors are actually becoming more powerful. These actors include
multinational corporations and global civil society organizations, like Red Cross,
that cross national boundaries.
WHAT IS NATION/STATE?

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN NATION AND STATE
NATION
- is a large body of people united by common origin, history,
culture, ethnicity, or language.
- is formed by factors like common race, common language,
common culture, common history, common territory, etc.
- It is the strong bond between people and common
elements like ethnicity, language, and descent that keeps
the nation together.
STATE
- is an association of people characterized by formal
institutions of government, including laws; permanent
territorial boundaries; and sovereignty (independent political entity
with clear geographic boundaries.)
- is a territory considered as an organized political
community under one government. A state has four main
elements: territory, population, government, and sovereignty.
- The population of the state may be made up of more than
one nation.
 NATION STATE
- An independent political entity with fixed - a large body of people united by common
geographic boundaries. origin, history, culture, ethnicity, or language.

- refers to a territory. - refers to a group of people.

- has a fixed territory. - doesn’t have a fixed territory.

- a political and legal entity. - a socio-cultural entity.

- can be created consciously. - cannot be created consciously

- not stable as a state - more stable than a state

- cannot exist without sovereignty - can exist without sovereignty

- united by laws and regulations -united by bonds and shared histories

- A state has both political and legal power.

Therefore, it can also create and impose laws.
NATION STATE
• is a form of political entity in which a group of people who
share the same history, traditions, or language live in a
particular area under one government.
• A state which is only populated by one nation.
• is a system of organization in which people with a
common identity live inside a country with firm borders
and a single government.
• It's how we identify ourselves. (I’m a Filipino. I’m an American...)
Global Governance in the Twenty-First Century
• There are series of specific factors behind the emergence of global
governance.
1. The first on the list must be the declining power of nation-states. If states
themselves were “highly contingent and in flux” (Cerny, 2007, p.854), it would
open the possibility of the emergence of some form of global governance to fill
the world. - dependent and change
2. The vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right through the
borders of nation-states.
3. Horrendous (unpleasant) events within nation-states that the states
themselves either foment or carry out, or an unable to control.
Levy and Sznaider, 2006
– the flow of criminal elements, as well as their products
(drugs, laundered money, those bought and sold in sex
trafficking, etc.), is a strongfactor in the call for global
governance.
Nordstorm, 2004
• another set of issues that has led to calls for global
governance involves horrendous events within nation-
states that the states themselves either foment and carry
out, or are unable to control.
Bauman, 1998
• – one could even go back to WWII and argue that the
Holocaust could have been prevented, or at least
mitigated, had there been a viable form of global
governance to put pressure on Nazi Germany and
ultimately, to intervene in a more material way, perhaps
militarily.
Nation-states have long struggled to deal with problems like
these through various interstate systems (e.g., alliances
such as NATO), but the more recent trend is toward the
development of more truly global structures and
methods of dealing with various sorts of issues and
problems.
Effects of Globalization to Governments
• Each state has its own right to self-determination and that
other country should not intervene in the affairs of that
state unless there are extraordinary reasons to do so.
• Each state is autonomous unto itself and responsible
within its own system of government to those who are
governed.
• The decisions, and the conflict, and the resolution of that
conflict are done through institutions of government
established and codified in that particular state, whether
or not through elections.
CHALLENGES TO THE
GOVERNMENT AND TO
STATE AUTONOMY
1. Traditional Challenges
• External intervention can generally described as
invasion by other countries.
EXAMPLE: Russia’s external intervention into the affairs of
Ukraine.
• Internal political challenges can also happen. There
are also regional organizations challenging state
autonomy.
EXAMPLE: EJK case in the Philippines
2. Challenges from National/Identity
Movements
• a nation has cultural identity that people
attached to, while a state is a definite entity
due to its specific boundaries but different
people with different identities can live in
different states.
EXAMPLE: Global movements, such as the Al-Qaeda
and ISIS
3. Global Economics
• Global economy demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market
capitalism.
• It focuses on free trade and dismantling trade barriers.
• It requires a state to cooperate in global market through free flow of capital,
the privatization of services, and fiscal austerity or constraint.
• theregional economic development efforts focused on expanding free trade
and market liberalization.
• Business from developed countries put their factories and pays people to
build factories and produce goods in developing countries worldwide.
EXAMPLE: to expand global economic influence is the use of IMF and the World Bank in
forcing government reforms in poorer country.
4. Global Social Movements
Social Movements are movements of people that are
spontaneous or that emerge through enormous grassroots
organization.
- These social movements are transnational movements
which means they occur across countries and across
borders. Therefore, states have less control over them.
EXAMPLE: Human rights movements create a public sentiment, value, and
agenda. The idea is that there are certain rights and states cannot neglect or
generally, what we call human rights.
The Relevance of the State
• The state is a distinctive political community with its own
set of rules and practices that is more or less separate
from other communities.
 Four Elements of a State
• Permanent Population (People) - consists of individuals who inhabit the
territory in a permanent way.
• Territory - is a geographical area that is owned and controlled by a
government or country to exercise sovereignty.
• refers to the land territory which belongs to the State and individuals, internal waters and
territorial sea (straits) which the State claims sovereignty, and the airspace above this territory.
• Government - the executive branch of the State and has the role to
administer the state uniformly in the following aspects: political, economic,
social, cultural, use of natural resources, environmental protection, national
defense and security, and foreign affairs.
• Sovereignty - is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a
territory. (independence)
Institutions That Govern International Relations

• United Nations, the InternationalCourt of Justice, NAFTA,

and NATO
• NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement
• UN - is one of the leading political organizations in the world
where nation-states meet and deliberate. It functions in four
areas: military issues, economic issues, environmental
issues, and human protection.
UNITED NATIONS FUNCTIONS
1. Military Issues
• the Security Council tries to be the arbiter in ceasefires
between two sides.
• They can pass sanction like block trade with another
country as a punishment.
• It has a program called UNICEF or United Nations
Children’s Emergency Fund wherein its primary goal is to
help children around the world.
2. Economic Issues
• the main focus of the UN is the reduction of global
inequality.
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover a
range of concerns for the improvement of all aspects of
life.
3. Environmental Issues
• such as pollution and hazardous waste, are addressed
through United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
4. Human Protection
• UN promotes human rights through different organizations
and mechanisms.
• Since 1948, human rights have been brought into the
realm international law. This is reflected in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
The UN is being criticized as being
weak and is unable to stop wars.
Because of this, NATO play a big
role in foreign conflicts.
NATO
• It is a defensive treaty or military alliance between the
United States, Canada, and 25 European countries.
• This treaty and international organization is based on the
idea of collective security.
• The countries in this organization basically agreed to
combine their militaries and announce to the world that if
a country messes with one of its members, the other
countries will come to their defense.
 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries) - an
international organization developed out of war but they are
not soldiers.
 It is considered as a non-governmental organization (NGO)
 They provide emergency relief such as food, water, and
medical supplies for those whose homes or towns have
been destroyed by disaster or war.
 They also monitor the treatment of prisoner of wars and
go to conflicts to make sure that no war crimes are taking
place.
• Oxfam fights famine disease
• Amnesty International speaks out for human rights and
political prisoners; Save the Children; helps kids get
health care and education
• Doctors without borders provides free emergency
healthcare in disaster areas
Global Economic Associations:
The WTO and NAFTA
WTO
• is made up of 162 countries around the world and was
created with the goal of increasing free trade.
• Countries can buy and sell goods from one another
without placing taxes on imports or tariffs. (tariffs are used to
protect business and companies inside their country )
• BUT, a protest in Seattle at 1999 WTO Conference led
• to a major riot as some said that WTO was more about
helping large companiesand corporations than it was
about helping people.
NAFTA
• is an economic treaty between the United States,
Canada, and Mexico in which the three countries trade
freely without taxing each other.
• BUT, Some American autoworkers protested against
NAFTA as several car companies moved their factories to
Mexico in search for cheaper labor.
• NAFTA and WTO represents the challenge in America of
keeping manufacturing factories.
Globalization and Globalism
Globalization - increase or decline degree of globalism
(Nye, 2002, p. 1). It is thicker than globalism; this means
that being able to connect countries in the world through a
more dynamic and faster way is globalization.
Globalism - refers to the network of connections that
transcends distances of different countries in the world.
Globalism is thin. As it becomes thicker, globalization
happens.
 FOUR DISTINCT DIMENSION OF GLOBALISM
- Nye (2002)
• economic globalism - different organizations, fast or free trade
• military globalism - enormous speed of potential conflict and
threat of nuclear war
• environmental globalism - global warming continues to
accelerate
• social and cultural - involves movements and of people who
carry ideas and information with them
Informationalism
• Globalism is tied to the notion of networks.
• “networks constitute the fundamental pattern of life, of all
kinds of life” - Castells (2000)
- in the present and even in the past, the world is connected
 informationalism refers to the technological paradigm,
associated with computer science and modern telecommunication
that replaces industrialism. (Castells, 2004)
- technology, the media and the internet.
• It’s not that we do not need to produce material goods
such as factories, clothes, and food; rather, exchanging
information and knowledge, which is clearly immaterial
goods, becomes central in the contemporary world (Hardt
& Negri,2000).
EXAMPLE:
1. Federal Express (FedEX,1970s). It makes use of computer technology in its
deliveries.
2. Computer technology is used to check our health through the intervention of
magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), ultrasound, and CT or CAT scans.
3. The launching of satellites for military surveillance, the use of global
positioningsystems (GPS), and the operation of global navigation systems
(GNS)
• McLuhan and Fiore (2005) argued that in the New
Media Age, the importance lies in the medium, the
way in which the message is transmitted, not
necessarily in the content presented through the
medium. This means that televisions, radios, the
newspapers have been shaping “individual
subjectivity and culture, not only locally but
globally” (Ritzer, 2015, p. 143).
 INTERNET
• is a mark of the contemporary world.
• online social networking, spam, and computer viruses, it is the
Internet that binds them all.
• “The Internet has prompted a flat world thesis; anyone can be
involved in it, at least theoretically”
- Ritzer (2015)
 Having a computer today in our homes, our schools, our workplaces, and accessing the Internet
through our personal cellphones allow us to be connected with the rest of the world.
 We can gain information by accessing different websites, such as Facebook and Wikipedia,
through the internet.
• While globalization allowed the expansion of
information, access to modern technologies is not a
universal matter that is available to every person
around the world. The internet and other
technologies are limited by certain barriers. These
barriers include lack of electricity, illiteracy, weak
financial systems, and government regulations.
 ACTIVITY 3
Multiple Choice.
1. Read the sentence carefully.
2. Write the letter of the correct answer in a 1/4 sheet of
yellow pad paper.
1. What is nation?
A. Nation is a large body of people united by common
origin, history, culture, ethnicity, or language.
B. Nation is formed by factors like common race, common
language, common culture, common history, common
territory, etc.
C. Nation is a strong bond between people and common
elements like ethnicity, language, and descent that keeps
the nation together.
D. All of the above
2. What is State?
A. It is an association of people characterized by formal
institutions of government, including laws and beliefs.
B. It is a territory considered as an unorganized political
community under one government.
C. The population of the state may be made up of only one
nation.
D. None of the above
3. Which of the following shows a proper handling of
conflict/s in a particular state?
A. The decisions, and the resolution of that conflict are done
through process or done through an agreement.
B. The decisions, and the resolution of that conflict are done
through institutions of government established and codified
in that particular state.
C. The decisions, and the resolution of that conflict are
made through a treaty signed by the citizens.
D. All of the above
4. Which of the situations shows
challenges of national/identity movements?
A. Mica is a Filipino who lives permanently in Florida.
B. Andrea was born in the Philippines whose parents are
both Filipinos.
C. Jazz stayed to his aunt’s ancestral house in Pangasinan,
leaving his family in Isabela to continue his studies.
D. All of the above
5.One of the following is a function of United
Nations. Which of the following could it be?
A. They can pass sanction like block trade with another
country as a punishment.
B. They addressed pollution and hazardous waste.
C. They promote human rights through different
organizations and mechanisms.
D. All of the above