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Raster Analysis

This document discusses various types of spatial analysis that can be performed in GIS including mapping distance, density mapping, interpolation, surface analysis, statistics, reclassification, raster calculator, and conversion between vector and raster data. It provides details on techniques like contour mapping, slope, aspect, hillshading, viewshed analysis, cell statistics, neighborhood statistics, and zonal statistics.

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Sikandar Ali
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31 views28 pages

Raster Analysis

This document discusses various types of spatial analysis that can be performed in GIS including mapping distance, density mapping, interpolation, surface analysis, statistics, reclassification, raster calculator, and conversion between vector and raster data. It provides details on techniques like contour mapping, slope, aspect, hillshading, viewshed analysis, cell statistics, neighborhood statistics, and zonal statistics.

Uploaded by

Sikandar Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spatial Analysis –

Raster data analysis


Details
Spatial Analyst extension
 Most of the functions in the Spatial Analyst Tools are also integrated into the
Spatial Analyst extension
Types of spatial analysis (1)
 Mapping distance
- Straight line (or Euclidean) distance
- Cost Weighted Distance
 Mapping density
 Interpolating to raster
- Inverse Distance Weighted
- Spline
- Kriging
 Performing surface analysis
- Contour
- Slope
- Aspect
- Hillshade
- Viewshed
Types of spatial analysis (2)

 Statistics
- Cell statistics
- Neighborhood statistics
- Zonal statistics
 Reclassification
 Raster Calculator (map algebra)
 Conversion of vector and raster
1. Mapping distance

 The Straight Line Distance function measures the straight line


distance from each cell to the closest source

 The Cost Weighted Distance function modifies the Straight Line


Distance by some other factor, which is a cost to travel through
any given cell. For example, it may be shorter to climb over the
mountain to the destination, but it is faster to walk around it. Cost
can be money, time, or preference.

 The Distance and Direction raster datasets are normally created


from Cost Weighted Distance function to serve as inputs to the
pathfinding function, the shortest (or least-cost) path.
•Mapping distance

Cost weighted distance


The purple line represents a cost distance where each
input raster (landuse and slope) had the same influence
The red line represents a cost distance where the slope
input raster had a weight (or influence) of 66 percent
2. Mapping density
 Density estimation
measures cell densities in
raster by using a sample of
known points

The graph gives an example of density


surface. when added together, the
population values of all the cells equal to
the sum of the population of the
original point layer
3. Interpolating to Raster

 Interpolation to predict values for cells from a


limited number of sample data points.
• Visiting every location is usually difficult or
expensive.
• Assumption: spatially distributed objects are
spatially correlated. in other words, things are
close together tend to have similar characteristics
(spatial autocorrelation).
Interpolating to Raster

 Few sample points – to fill all cells


Point elevation to surface
interpolation techniques

 Deterministic and geostatistical.


 Deterministic interpolation techniques create
surfaces from measured points. based on
either the extent of similarity (e.g., Inverse
Distance Weighted) or the degree of smoothing
(e.g., radial basis functions).
 Geostatistical interpolation techniques (e.g.,
kriging) utilize the statistical properties of the
measured points.
4. Surface analysis: Contours
 Contours are polylines that connect points of
equal value, such as elevation, temperature,
precipitation, pollution, or atmospheric pressure.
Slope
Aspect
Hillshade
How the terrain looks with the interaction between sunlight and surface features

Azimuth 315°, altitude 45°


Viewshed
 A viewshed refers to the portion of the land surface that is visible from
one or more view points
 It is useful for finding the visibility. For instance, finding a well-exposed
places for communication towers

hillshaded DEM as background


5. Statistics:
Cell statistics (local function)

 a statistic for each cell in an output raster is


based on the values of each cell of multiple
input rasters.
• for instance, to analyze the average crop yield
over a 10-year period
 Majority, maximum, mean, median,
minimum, minority, range, standard
deviation, sum, variety
If any of the input is NODATA, the output is NODATA
Neighborhood statistics (focal)

 A statistic for each cell in


an output raster is based
on the values of cells
within a specified
neighborhood: rectangle,
circle, annulus, and
wedge
 Majority, maximum,
mean, median,
minimum, minority,
range, standard
deviation, sum, variety Sum of 3 x 3 cell neighborhood
Zonal statistics

 Compute statistics for each zone of a


zone dataset based on the information in
a value raster. zone dataset can be
feature or raster, the value raster must be
a raster.
6. Recalssification
7. Raster calculator

Operators
Boolean operators:
And, Or, XOr, Not
Relational operators:
==, >, <, <>, >=, <= Functions Exponential and logarithmic
Arithmetic operators: Abs, Ceil, Floor, Int, Float,
*, /, -, +, Log, Exp, Sin, Cos, InNull
Sqrt Sin, Cos, Tan, Asin, Acos,
Atan
8. Conversion

 Feature (polygon,
polyline, points) to
raster

 Raster to feature
(polygon, polyline,
points)
Main references

 ESRI book: Using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst


 ESRI book: Using ArcGIS Geostatistical
Analyst
 ESRI book: Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst
 ESRI: www.ersi.com

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