Operating Systems

By
Dr Tariq
(Lecture 4)

1
 Caching
 Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer
(in hardware, operating system, software)
 Information in use copied from slower to faster storage
temporarily
 Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if
information is there
 If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)
 If not, data copied to cache and used there
 Cache are smaller (size-wise) than storage being cached
 Cache management important design problem
 Cache size and replacement policy
Performance of Various Levels of Storage

Movement between levels of storage hierarchy can be

explicit or implicit
 Migration of data “A” from Disk to Register

 Multitasking environments must be careful to use most

recent value, no matter where it is stored in the storage
hierarchy

 Multiprocessor environment must provide cache coherency in

hardware such that all CPUs have the most recent value in
their cache
 Protection and Security
 Protection – A mechanism for controlling access of processes
(or users) to resources defined by the OS
 Security – A defense of the system against internal and
external attacks
 Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity
theft, theft of service
 Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine
who can do what
 User identities (user IDs, security IDs) include name and
associated number, one per user
 User ID is associated with all files and processes of that user to
determine access control
 Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined and
controls managed, then also associated with each process, file
 Privilege escalation allows user to change to effective ID with
more rights
 Virtualization
 Allows operating systems to run applications within other OSes
 Vast and growing industry
 Emulation used when the source CPU type is different from the
target type (i.e., PowerPC to Intel x86)
 Generally slowest method
 When computer language not compiled to native code – Interpretation
 Virtualization – OS natively compiled for CPU, running guest OSes
also natively compiled
 Consider VMware running WinXP guests, each running applications, all
on native WinXP host OS
 VMM (virtual machine Manager) provides virtualization services
 Virtualization on Laptops and Destops

 A VMM allow the user to install multiple operating

systems to run application written for operating systems
other than the native host.
 Apple laptop running Mac OS X host Windows as a guest
 Developing apps for multiple OSes without having multiple
systems
 Testing applications without having multiple systems
 Executing and managing compute environments within data
centers
Virtualization Architecture Structure
 Computing Environments - Traditional

 Stand-alone general purpose machines

 But blurred as most systems interconnect with others (i.e.,
the Internet)
 Portals provide web access to internal systems
 Network computers (thin clients) are like Web terminals
 Mobile computers interconnect via wireless networks
 Networking becoming ubiquitous – even home systems use
firewalls to protect home computers from Internet attacks
 Computing Environments - Mobile

 Handheld smartphones, tablets, etc

 What is the functional difference between them and a
“traditional” laptop?
 Extra features – more OS features (GPS -- Waze)
 Allows new types of apps like augmented reality
 Use IEEE 802.11 wireless, or cellular data networks for
connectivity
 Leaders are Apple iOS and Google Android
 Computing Environments – Distributed

 Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems

networked together
 Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
 Network Operating System provides features to allow sharing
of data between systems across a network.
 Communication scheme allows systems to exchange messages
 Illusion of a single system
 Computing Environments – Client-Server

 Dumb terminals supplanted by smart PCs

 Many systems now servers, responding to requests
generated by clients
 Compute-server system provides an interface to client to
request services (i.e., database)
 File-server system provides interface for clients to store and
retrieve files
 Computing Environments - Peer-to-Peer
 Another model of distributed system. P2P does not distinguish clients and servers
 Instead all nodes are considered peers
 Each node may act as client, server, or both
 Node must join P2P network
 Registers its service with central lookup service on network, or
 Broadcast request for service and respond to requests for service via discovery protocol
 Examples include Napster and Gnutella, Voice over IP (VoIP) such as Skype
 Computing Environments – Cloud Computing

 Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service across a network

 Logical extension of virtualization because it uses virtualization as the base
for it functionality.
 Amazon EC2 has thousands of servers, millions of virtual machines,
petabytes of storage available across the Internet, pay based on usage
 Many types
 Public cloud – available via Internet to anyone willing to pay
 Private cloud – run by a company for the company’s own use
 Hybrid cloud – includes both public and private cloud components
 Software as a Service (SaaS) – one or more applications available via the
Internet (i.e., word processor)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) – software stack ready for application use
via the Internet (i.e., a database server)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – servers or storage available over
Internet (i.e., storage available for backup use)
 Computing Environments – Cloud Computing

 Cloud computing environments composed of traditional

OSes, plus VMMs, plus cloud management tools
 Internet connectivity requires security like firewalls
 Load balancers spread traffic across multiple applications
 Computing Environments – Real-Time Systems

 Real-time embedded systems most prevalent form of

computers
 Vary considerable, special purpose, limited purpose OS, real-time
OS
 Use expanding
 Many other special computing environments as well
 Some have OSes, some perform tasks without an OS
 Real-time OS has well-defined fixed time constraints
 Processing must be done within constraint
 Correct operation only if constraints met
 Open-Source Operating Systems

 Operating systems made available in source-code format

rather than just binary closed-source
 Counter to the copy protection and Digital Rights
Management (DRM) movement
 Started by Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has
“copyleft” GNU Public License (GPL)
 Examples include GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX (including core of
Mac OS X), and many more
 Can use VMM like VMware Player (Free on Windows),
Virtualbox (open source and free on many platforms -
http://www.virtualbox.com)
 Use to run guest operating systems for exploration