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Presentation1 For Sampling

The document discusses 2D sampling theory including sampling, the sampling theorem, reconstruction, aliasing, and the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. Sampling converts a continuous image to discrete by selecting points, and reconstruction restores the continuous image from samples. Aliasing occurs from insufficient sampling or improper reconstruction. The Nyquist rate states the sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency to avoid aliasing.

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8 views14 pages

Presentation1 For Sampling

The document discusses 2D sampling theory including sampling, the sampling theorem, reconstruction, aliasing, and the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. Sampling converts a continuous image to discrete by selecting points, and reconstruction restores the continuous image from samples. Aliasing occurs from insufficient sampling or improper reconstruction. The Nyquist rate states the sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency to avoid aliasing.

Uploaded by

Prottoy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic: Two dimensional

(2D)sampling theory

Name: Anik Mondal


ID: 191915
Sampling theory
Sampling: In 2D images, sampling refers to the process of
converting a continuous image into a discrete representation
by selecting a finite set of points (samples) from the
continuous image domain.
Physical image sampling digital image
Sampling theory: In sampling theory, stating that to avoid
aliasing, the sampling frequency (fs​) must be at least twice or
greater and eqalthe maximum frequency component (fmax​)
present in the image. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
fs2fmax
Where, fs: sampling frequency and fmax: maximum
frequency component in the image.
Example

Sampling image
Proof of sampling theory
For 2D sampling we
know the function-
f(x,y)=f(mx,ny)and
sampling interval x and
y
so combination
function is-
comb(x.y;x,y)x-x,y-ny)
Proof of sampling theory
so sampled image
fs(x,y)=f(x,y)comb(x,y;,)
=
Now fourier transform
Comb(x,y;COMB(u,v)=comb(u,v;)
Fs(u,v)=F(u,v)*COMB(u,v)
=
=
So, Fs(u,v)=
Reconstruction of sampling
Reconstruction:Reconstraction refers to the process of
accurately restoring the continuous image from its discrete
samples.
Here, f(x,y) with F(u,v) as its Fourier transform and F(u,v)
= 0 where|u| > uo and|v| > vo where nd can be recovered
without error from the sample value f(mx,n)
So, 1/=us>2u0 and 1/=vs>2v0
The reconstructed image is given by the interpolation
formula is:
f(x,y)=
Example of reconstruction

Fig: Reconstruction of sampling


Aliasing sampling
Aliasing occurs when high-frequency components in
the continuous image are not adequately captured by
the sampling process, leading to distortions or
artifacts in the reconstructed image.
Aliasing is caused by:
 Sampling below the Nyquist rate,
 Improper reconstruction, or

 Both
Aliasing sampling
If uS and vS are below the Nyquist rate, the periodic
replications will overlap, resulting in a distorted
spectrum. This overlapping of successive periods of
the spectrum causes the foldover frequencies in the
original image to appear as frequencies below uS/2,
vS/2 in the sampled Image. This is called aliasing. So,
fsus and fsvs
Example of aliasing sampling

Above nyquist limit Below nyquist limit(aliasing)


Nyquist shannon sampling
The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem is a
fundamental principle in sampling theory, stating that
to avoid aliasing, the sampling frequency (fs​) must be
at least twice the maximum frequency component
(fmax​) present in the image. Mathematically, it can be
expressed as:
fs​≥2fmax​[from sampling theorem]
fs=2fmax [ Nyquist rate avoiding aliasing]
Nyquist shannon sampling

Fig: Nyquist-Shannon sampling


Example of Nyquist sampling
A 2D image with a maximum spatial frequency of fmax​=10 cycles per unit
distance (e.g., cycles per pixel). According to the Nyquist sampling theorem,
the sampling frequency in both the horizontal and vertical directions (fsx​​
and fsy​​) should be at least twice the maximum spatial frequency. What
should be the Nyquist rate?
Solution:
Here, maximum frequency fmax=10
We know
fs​≥2fmax
fsx≥2fmax
So, fsx≥2*10 [for horizontal]
fsy≥2fmax
so, fsy≥2*10 [for vertical]
Example of Nyquist sampling
here,
fsx​​≥2×10=20 cycles/pixel
fsy​​≥2×10=20 cycles/pixel
This means that we should sample the image with at least
20 pixels per cycle in both the horizontal and vertical
directions to avoid aliasing and accurately reconstruct the
original image during the reconstruction process.
Now Nyquist rate fs=2fmax
So, fs=2*10=20 cycle/pixel.

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