Subject: introduction to

electrical engineering VTU –

besck104
Semester I
Course Coordinator: Prof. Renuka R.Thakai
MODULE -4
TRANSFORMERS AND INDUCTION
MOTOR
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
S.G.Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi
1 2 1
 Transformer
Introduction
 The transformer is one of the most useful electrical devices.
 It can change the magnitude of alternating voltage or current from one value to another.
 This useful property of transformer is mainly responsible for the widespread use of
alternating currents rather than direct currents.
 Electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating
current.
 Transformers have no moving parts, rugged and durable in construction.
 They also have a very high efficiency—as high as 99%.
 A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising or lowering the
voltage of an a.c. supply with a corresponding decrease or increase in current.
 A transformer is a static device used either for raising or lowering the voltage of an ac
supply with corresponding decrease or increase in current.
 CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.
The main two parts of a transformer are
i)Magnetic core
ii) Winding or coils
Magnetic Core:
 The core of a transformer is either square or rectangular in shape.
 It is further divided into two parts.
 The vertical portion on which coils are wound is called limb .
 The top and bottom horizontal portion is called yoke of the core.
 Core is made up of laminations .
 Because of laminated core type construction , eddy current losses get minimized.
 High grade silicon steel laminations 0.3mm to 0.5mm thick are used.
 The laminations are insulated from each other by using insulations like varnish.
 The laminations are pressed together so as to form continuous magnetic path with
minimum air gap.
Windings:
 The coils are wound on the limbs.
 The coils are insulated from each other.
 It is necessary that winding should be very close to each other to have high mutual
inductance.
 The winding connected to the a.c. source is called primary winding (or primary) and
the one connected to load is called secondary winding (or secondary).
 Cylindrical concentric coils are used in core type transformer
 The coils are magnetically strong and are wound in helical layer.
 The different layers are insulated from each other by paper, cloth and mica.
TYPES OF TRNSFORMER
Core Type Transformer:
 In the core type transformer construction, one half of the winding is wrapped around each leg (or limb) of
the transformer’s magnetic circuit.
 The coils are not arranged with the primary winding on one leg and the secondary on the other but instead
half of the primary winding and half of the secondary winding are placed one over the other concentrically
on each leg in order to increase magnetic coupling allowing practically all of the magnetic lines of force go
through both the primary and secondary windings at the same time.
 The LV coil is placed inside near the core while HV Coil surrounds the LV coil.

Shell Type Transformer:

 It has double magnetic circuit. The core has three limbs. Both the windings are placed on the cetral limb.
 The core encircles most part of the windings. The coils used are generally multilayer,disc type or sandwich
coils.
 Each HV coil is inbetween two LV coils.
 LV coils are nearest to top and bottom of the yoke.
 LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

There exists two types of losses in a transformer.

1) Core losses or iron losses
2) Copper Losses
Core losses or iron losses: (Pi): These losses occur in the transformer core due to the alternating flux.
The losses have two components,
a) Hysteresis Loss b) Eddy current loss
Hysteresis Loss: Due to the alternating flux set up in the core of the transformer , it undergoes a cycle of
magnetization and demagnetization . Due to hysteresis effect , there is a loss of energy in this process which is called
hysteresis loss.
Eddy Current Loss: The induced emf in the core tries to set up eddy currents in the core and hence responsible
for the eddy current losses.

Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss depending upon

1) Maximum flux density Bm in the core,
2) Supply frequency.
Since transformer is connected to constant frequency, constant voltage supply, both f and Bm are
constant. Hence the core losses are called constant losses.
Hysteresis losses can be minimized by using high grade silicon steel.
Eddy current losses are minimized by dividing the solid iron core into thin sheets or laminations
insulated from one another.
Copper losses(Pu) : These losses occur in both primary and secondary windings due to their resistances. Power will
be wasted in the form of I2R losses due to the resistance of primary and secondary.
 Three Phase Induction Motor
Three phase induction motor is an AC motor which converts an electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
When current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force whose direction
is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
The ac motors are classified as single phase induction motor and three phase induction motor,
synchronous motor and some special purpose motors.
The important advantage of three phase induction motor over other types are self starting property,
no need of starting device, higher power factor, good speed regulation and robust construction.
The working principle of induction motor is based on the production of rotating magnetic field.
In ac motor, the rotor does not receive power by conduction but by induction in exactly the same
way as secondary of two winding transformer receives power from the primary. Therefore it is called
as induction motor.
Induction motor is treated as rotating transformer in which primary winding is stator winding and
secondary winding is rotor winding.
 Constructional Features of Induction Motor
An induction motor consists of two parts.
1) Stator
2) Rotor
Stator:

 The stator has a laminated type of construction made up of stampings which are 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick.
 The stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry the stator windings.
 The stampings are insulated from each other that keeps the iron losses to a maximum value.
 The number of stampings are stamped together to build the stator core.
 The choice of material for stampings is generally silicon steel which minimizes the hysteresis loss.
 The slots on the periphery of the stator core carries three phase winding, connected either in star or delta.
 This three phase winding is called stator winding.
 It is wound for definite number of poles.
 This winding is supplied by a three phase supply produces a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude
but rotates at synchronous speed.
Rotor:
 The rotor is a rotating or moving part of the three-phase induction motor.
 It consists of a rotor core made up of thin laminations of high grade silicon steel to reduce the hysteresis and eddy-current losses.
The rotor core is a hollow cylinder, mounted on a shaft.
 On outer periphery of the rotor core, slots are provided to place the rotor winding.
 Based on the construction, the rotor of a three-phase induction motor can be of the following two types −
1.Squirrel-cage rotor
2. Wound rotor
1.Squirrel-cage rotor
 Nearly 90% of the induction motors are squirrel cage type.
 The rotor is simple and rugged in construction.
 It consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying rotor conductors.
 The rotor conductors are heavy bars of copper or aluminium.
 One bar is placed in each slot.
 All the bars are brazed or welded at both ends to two copper end rings, thus short circuiting them at both ends.
 As the rotor bars are short circuited , it is not possible to add any external resistance in series with the rotor circuit
during starting.
 The slots are slightly skewed for two purposes.
1) It reduces the noise due to magnetic hum and makes the rotor to run quickly.
2) It reduces the locking tendency between the rotor and stator.
2. Wound rotor or Slip ring rotor:
 In this type rotor winding is exactly similar to the stator.
 The rotor carries a three phase stator delta connected distributed winding wound for same number of poles as that of
stator.
 The rotor construction is laminated and slotted.
 The slot contains the rotor winding. The open ends of the star winding are brought out and connected to three
insulated slip rings. , mounted on the shaft of motor with carbon brushes resting on them.
 The three brushes are externally connected to three phase star connected rheostat which is used as a starter during
starting period.
 When running under normal conditions the slip rings are automatically short circuited by means of collar which is
pushed along the shaft and connects all the slip rings to reduce frictional losses .
Applications of Induction Motors
1) Squirrel cage motors having moderate torque and constant speed characteristics preferred for driving fans ,
blowers , water pumps, grinders , lathe machines, printing machines , drilling machines.
2) Slip ring induction motors have high starting torque as high as maximum torque. Hence they are preferred for
lifts, hoists, elevators ,cranes , compressors.
Comparison of Squirrel Cage Rotor and Wound Rotor:
 Working Principle
Induction Motor works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
When three phase supply is given to the three phase stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude is
produced.
The speed of rotating magnetic field is called synchronous speed Ns rpm.
Let the direction of this rotating magnetic field is clockwise.
At this instant rotor is stationary and stator flux RMF is rotating.
When conductors cut the flux , emf gets induced in it due to electromagnetic induction.
Now the rmf gets cut by rotor conductorsas RMF sweeps over rotor conductors.
This is called rotor induced emf.
As rotor forms closed circuit ,induced emf circulates current through rotor called rotor current.
Let the direction of this current is going into the conductor denoted by a cross.
Current carring current produces its own flux. So rotor produces its flux called rotor flux.
Now both the fluxes interact with each other.
 On left of the rotor conductor two fluxes are in same direction and hence added up to get high flux area.
 On right side, two fluxes cancel each other to produce low flux area.
 High flux density area exerts a push on rotor conductors towards low flux density area.
 So rotor conductors experiences a force left to right due to interaction of the two fluxes.
 As all rotor conductors experiences a force , the overall rotor experiences a torque and starts rotating .
 Hence rotor starts rotating in the same direction as rotating magnetic field.
 Significance of slip in an Induction Motor
 When rotor starts rotating , it tries to catch the speed of rotating magnetic field.
 If it catches the speed of rotating magnetic field the relative motion between rotor and rotating
magnetic field will vanish.
 In fact the relative motion is the main cause for the induced emf. So the induced emf will vanish
and hence there cannot be rotor current and rotor flux. Motor will stop.
 The rotor never succed in catching up with the stator field.
 The rotor runs at a speed which is always less than the speed of rotating magnetic field.
 The difference between synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is called slip. Some
times it is called slip speed.