Mental Problems of Old Age Homes

Mental health problems among
inhabitants of old age homes: A

preliminary study
Background:
 An exceptional increase in the number and proportion of

older adults in the country, rapid increase in nuclear
families, and contemporary changes in psychosocial
matrix and values often compel this segment of society to
live alone or in old age homes. As this group of people is
more vulnerable to mental health problems, therefore a
pilot study was carried out by the Department of Geriatric
Mental Health, Lucknow with following aim.
AIM:
 To study mental health and associated

morbidities among inhabitants of old age
homes.
Materials and Methods:
 It was an exploratory study in which information about available old

age homes at Lucknow were obtained and three of them were
randomly selected. All the heads of these institutions were contacted
and permission to carry out the study was obtained. Consent from
the participants was obtained. Survey Psychiatric Assessment
Schedule (SPAS), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Mood
Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), and SCAN-based clinical
interviews were applied for assessment by a trained research staff.
RESULTS:
 Forty five elderly inhabitants who had given their

consent to participate in the study were interviewed.
Depression (37.7%) was found to be the most common
mental health problem followed by anxiety disorders
(13.3%) and dementia (11.1%).
Conclusions:
 A majority of the inhabitants (64.4%) were having

psychiatric morbidity and no one was observed physically
fit. Large sample studies are needed to substantiate the
observations.
INTRODUCTION:
 The changing demographic scenario and population projections of India indicate that the
growth rate of Indian older adults (aged 60 years and above) is comparatively faster than
other regions of the World. Since recent past, due to marked increase in life expectancy,
rise in number and proportion of older adults the population of older adults is increasing
at a fast pace. In India at present, older adults constitute 7.6% of total population. Within
three decades, the number of older adults has more than doubled i.e. from 43 million in
1981 to 92 million in 2011 and is expected to triple in the next four decades i.e., 316
million.[1,2] This clearly reveals that the growth rate of Indian older adults is
comparatively faster than in other regions of the World. The life expectancy at birth has
also increased from 62.5 years in 2000 to 66.8 years in 2011.[3] Rapid growth in
percentage and proportion of older adults in the country is associated with major
consequences and implications in all areas of day-to-day human life, and it will continue
to be so. As a result, the aged are likely to suffer with problems related to health and
health care, family composition, living arrangements, housing, and migration.
 Traditionally, the family has been the primary source of care and
material support for the older adults throughout Asia. And, the Indian
family system is often held at high position for its qualities like support,
strength, duty, love, and care of the elderly. The responsibility of the
children for their parents′ wellbeing is not only recognized morally and
socially in the country, but it is a part of the legal code in many states in
India. But urbanization, modernization, industrialization, and
globalization have brought major transformations in the family in the
form of structural and functional changes.[4] As a result of these socio-
demographic changes, older adults at times are forced to shift from their
own place to some institutions/old age homes.[5–7]
 This segment of population is more vulnerable to health-related
problems including mental health problems. Various prevalence studies
have reported mental health problems among older adults to be very
higher than other age groups.[8–11] The available literature indicates
that there are hardly any effort to understand the morbidity and the
needs of such elderly people and specific studies related to the issue
are hardly available.[12–15] Viewing it, to assess mental health and
other associated morbidities among inhabitants of old age homes, a
study was planned and carried out by the Department of Geriatric
Mental Health, Lucknow.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
 It was an exploratory study and was carried out in old age homes of
Lucknow city. Prevalence of mental and physical health problems
among inhabitants of old age homes was explored. Out of seven old
age homes, three were randomly selected and heads of these
institutions were contacted regarding permission to carry out the
study. Three different types of old age homes were selected for the
study. One of them was established by a religious organization-
Gayatri Pariwar, in which the inhabitants had to pay a sum of Rs.
2500.00 as charges for their accommodation. The other two old age
homes were free of cost.
 Contact was made with older adults of these old age homes and
their consent to participate in the study was taken. Survey
Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (SPAS),[16] Mini Mental Status
Examination (MMSE),[17] Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ)
[18] Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN)
[19] were used as screening and assessment tools. These tools were
applied by a qualified and SCAN trained research staff. To find out
the physical morbidity among these subjects, information was
obtained from them by enquiring about their physical health and
scanning the relevant documents (prescriptions of the doctors/
medications etc.).
 MMSE, MDQ and SPAS were used to screen the old age home
inmates. The categorization into positive and negative cases was
done on the basis of the available norms for the particular tool.
Subjects who were found to be positive on these screening tools
were further interviewed by SCAN-based clinical interview to
arrive on to a diagnosis. The screening and SCAN-based clinical
interview was done by qualified and trained mental health
professionals. For assessing physical morbidities in the inhabitants,
qualitative information like prescriptions and test reports as well as
their own explanations (regarding physical symptoms/illness) were
taken into account.
 All the participants were categorized into three sub-groups—young-
old: 60 to 69 years; old-old: 70 to 79 years; and oldest-old: 80 years
and above[20,21] and data analysis was done by employing
percentages and test of significance.
RESULTS
The study was carried out in three of the old age homes, the details of inhabitants of these old
age homes are given in Table 1.
A total of 45 inhabitants (20 males and 25 females) of three old age homes had given their
consent to participate in the study. Age wise and socio-demographic details of participant older
adults are given in Figure 1 and Table 2, respectively. Further, data is analyzed in view of age
and gender.
 Figure 1 reveals that a majority of the elderly were in old-old age subcategory (Male=50%;
Female=64%) followed by young old (M=35%; Female=20%), and oldest old (Male=15%;
Female=16%). Among these inhabitants, a majority were females (55.6%). As the inhabitants
in different age categories were not found to be equally distributed or representative as per
the proportions in the community, the socio-demographic details are done accounting the
gender only.
 A majority of inhabitants were illiterate (28.9%), followed by
primary level education (20%) and graduate and above (17.8%).
Only 6.7% of inhabitants had professional qualifications.
Proportionately majority of females were either illiterate (32%) or
having less education (primary = 28%; just literate = 12%). A
majority of the inhabitants were widowed (females = 88%; males =
65%). Among males, 15% of habitants were married and similar
proportion of males was unmarried; whereas in females only 12%
were having married status. A majority of the females were
financially dependent (84%), whereas a majority of the males (75%)
were financially independent.
Pattern of mental health problems
 Table 3 reveals that a majority of inhabitants were suffering from depression (Males =
50.0%; Females = 28%). In males, the subsequent disorder was found to be dementia
(20%) followed by anxiety (10%) and schizophrenia (5%). Anxiety disorders were found
to be second leading disorders in females (16%). Dementia was found to be prevalent more
in males (20%) than females (4%). Mental health problems were found to more common in
the young-old group. In males, all elderly except one in each age group were suffering
from one or other mental health problem. In the group of young-old females, everyone was
suffering from one or the other mental disorders. Sixteen percent old-old females were
found to have depression followed by dementia (8%) and anxiety (4%) disorders.
Surprisingly, in the oldest-old group, none of the female was found to be mentally ill.
However, Fishers’ Exact P-value was found to be non-significant for various age categories
of males and significant for females i.e., Fishers’ Exact P-value=0.2379 (males) and 0.0212
(females).
Pattern of physical illnesses
 Shows that all old age home inhabitants were having one
or the other physical health problem. A majority of the
subjects were having multiple physical morbidity in male
and female both and females outnumbered males
(Male=60%; Females=68%).
DISCUSSION
 A total of seven old age homes were found to be functional in

Lucknow. Only 72.6% of inhabitant older adults had given consent
to participate in the study. Majority of the older adults (56.45%)
were residing in Dharmarth old age home (established by a trust),
followed by Samarpan –a religious institute (35.5%) and
government old age homes (8.1%). All of these old age homes were
residential and having the provision to help and accommodate both
male and female older adults.
 A majority of the inhabitants of these old age homes were between
the age group of 70 and 79 years followed by young old and oldest
old (57.8%; 26.7%; and 15.5%, respectively). In old-old and oldest-
old groups, females outnumbered males (Males = 50% and 15%;
Females = 64% and 20%), but in the young-old group, males
outnumbered females (Males = 35%; Females = 20%) signifying the
current trend of feminization of the older adults.[22] Educationally
females were maximally illiterate (32%) compared to males (25%)
which is in accordance to Census of India, 2001 report.[1] Females
(88%) outnumbered males (65%) in terms of their
widowed/widower status supports findings of a recent
epidemiological study.[11] A majority of females were dependent
(88%), whereas a majority of males were independent (75%) in
terms of their financial status.
 The overall prevalence of mental health problems in inhabitants of
old age homes provides a surprising finding that male suffers more
than females (Male = 85% and Females = 48%) not in consonance
with the latest epidemiological study.[11] Depression was found to
be the most common mental disorders. Dementia, anxiety, and
schizophrenia in males and anxiety and dementia in females
supports earlier findings.[10] Others have also reported that the
contribution of depressive disorders was highest in the community
studies of elderly.[10,11] Cognitive impairment was found to be the
second highest in the disorders however; the prevalence of dementia
in India has been reported to be variable, from 1.4% to 9.1%.
[10,23–25] Surprisingly, all females of the old-old group were
mentally fit, which is against the previous findings, report of an
epidemiological study reveal that aged females are found to be more
vulnerable to mental health problems than their counterpart males.
[11]
 All the inhabitants of old age homes were suffering from one or
more (multiple) physical illness, no one reported herself as healthy.
A majority of the inhabitants were having multiple morbidity (Male
= 60%; Female = 68%) supporting the findings of previous studies
where it is reported that mental health morbidity is seldom an
isolated event in elderly and a minimum of two/three other clinical
diagnoses is a rule.[20]
 The prevalence of mental health problems as well as physical
problems were found to be higher in inhabitants of old age homes in
comparison to community. The reason could be significantly more
psychological stressors, negligible family support, lack of medical
(physical/mental) care and facilities, restricted environment of old
age homes and financial constraints, etc.
 Mental illnesses were found to be very common among old age

home inhabitants. There is need to screen out various stressor
and reasons responsible for developing psychiatric problems in
inmates of old age homes. Further, similar studies are needed to
evaluate the findings of this study.
CONCLUSIONS:
More than half of the inhabitants of old age homes were suffering from
one or other mental health problems.
Depression was the most common mental health problems.
The inhabitants suffering from psychiatric illness had one or more
associated physical morbidity(ies).
 All inhabitants of old age homes were having one or more physical
morbidity(ies).
Limitations
 The study was carried out in a limited time period on a

small sample of old age home thus may not be generalized
on general population.
REFERENCES
1. Banthia JK, editor. Census of India. Series 1. New Delhi: Controller of publications; 2001. Appraisal of age data; p. 99.
2. James KS, Sathyanarayana KM. Demographic change, age structure transition and ageing in India: Issues and challenges. Yojana- A
development monthly. 2011;55:28–31.
3. CIA world fact book. [accessed internet on September 5, 2011]. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook .
4. Vijaykumar S. Challenges before the elderly: An Indian scenario. New Delhi: MD Publications; 1995. pp. 53–77.
5. Doty PJ. The oldest old and the use of institutional long-term care from an international perspective. In: Suzman RM, Willis DP,
Manton KG, editors. The Oldest Old. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992. pp. 251–67.
6. McConnel CE. A note on the life time risk of nursing home residency. Gerontologist. 1984;24:193–8. [PubMed: 6724324]
7. Murtaugh CM, Kemper P, Spillman BC. The risk of nursing home use in later life. Med Care. 1990;28:952–62. [PubMed: 2232925]
8. Ramachandram V, Menon MS, Ramamurthy B. Psychiatric disorders in subjects aged over fifty. Indian J Psychiatry. 1979;22:193–8.
9. Reddy MV, Chandrashekhar CR. Prevalence of Mental and Behavioural Disorders in India: A meta- analysis. Indian J Psychiatry.
1998;40:149–51. [PMCID: PMC2965838] [PubMed: 21494462]
 10. Tiwari SC. Geriatric Psychiatric Morbidity in Rural Northern India: Implications for the Future. Int Psychogeriatr. 2000;12:35–
48. [PubMed: 10798452]

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Mental health problems among

inhabitants of old age homes: A

 An exceptional increase in the number and proportion of

 To study mental health and associated

 It was an exploratory study in which information about available old

 Forty five elderly inhabitants who had given their

 A majority of the inhabitants (64.4%) were having

 A total of seven old age homes were found to be functional in

 Mental illnesses were found to be very common among old age

 The study was carried out in a limited time period on a

3. CIA world fact book. [accessed internet on September 5, 2011]. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook .

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