Management

Fifteenth Edition

Chapter 2
Being an Effective Leader

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
17.1 Define leader and leadership.
17.2 Compare and contrast early theories of leadership.
17.3 Describe the three major contingency theories of
leadership.
17.4 Describe contemporary views of leadership.
17.5 Compare the various theories of leadership for their
validity.
17.6 Discuss twenty-first century issues affecting
leadership.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Who Are Leaders and What is Leadership?
• Leader: someone who can influence others and who has
managerial authority
• Leadership: a process of influencing a group to achieve
goals

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Leadership Traits
• Research focused on identifying personal characteristics
that differentiated leaders from non-leaders was
unsuccessful who can influence others and who has
managerial authority.
• It proved impossible to identify a set of traits that would
always differentiate a leader (the person) from a nonleader
of influencing a group to achieve goals.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Exhibit 17.1 Ten Traits Associated with Leadership
Trait Description

Drive Leaders exhibit a high effort level. They have a relatively high desire for achievement,
they are ambitious, they have a lot of energy, they are tirelessly persistent in their
activities, and they show initiative.

Desire to Leaders have a strong desire to influence and lead others. They demonstrate the
lead willingness to take responsibility.
Honesty Leaders build trusting relationships with followers by being truthful or nondeceitful and
and integrity by showing high consistency between word and deed.
Self- Followers look to leaders for an absence of self-doubt. Leaders, therefore, need to
confidence show self-confidence in order to convince followers of the rightness of their goals and
decisions.
Intelligence Leaders need to be intelligent enough to gather, synthesize, and interpret large
amounts of information, and they need to be able to create visions, solve problems,
and make correct decisions.

Job-relevant Effective leaders have a high degree of knowledge about the company, industry, and
knowledge technical matters. In-depth knowledge allows leaders to make well-informed decisions
and to understand the implications of those decisions.

Extraversio Leaders are energetic, lively people. They are sociable, assertive, and rarely silent or
n withdrawn.
Proneness Guilt proneness is positively related to leadership effectiveness because it produces a
to guilt strong sense of responsibility for others.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Exhibit 17.1 (cont.) Ten Traits Associated
with Leadership

Trait Description
Emotional Empathetic leaders can sense others’ needs, listen to
Intelligence what followers say (and don’t say), and read the reactions
of others.

Conscientiousness People who are disciplined and able to keep

commitments
have an apparent advantage when it comes to leadership.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Leadership Behaviors
• Behavioral theories: leadership theories that identify
behaviors that differentiate effective leaders from
ineffective leaders

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
University of Iowa Studies
• Autocratic style: a leader who dictates work methods,
makes unilateral decisions, and limits employee
participation
• Democratic style: a leader who involves employees in
decision making, delegates authority, and uses feedback
as an opportunity for coaching employees
• Laissez-faire style: a leader who lets the group make
decisions and complete the work in whatever way it sees
fit

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Ohio State Studies
• Initiating structure: the extent to which a leader defines
his or her role and the roles of group members in attaining
goals
• Consideration: the extent to which a leader has work
relationships characterized by mutual trust and respect for
group members’ ideas and feelings
• High–high leader: a leader high in both initiating structure
and consideration behaviors

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
University of Michigan Studies
• Two dimensions of leadership:
– Employee oriented
– Production oriented

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Managerial Grid
• Managerial grid: a two-dimensional grid for appraising
leadership styles

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Exhibit 17.2 Behavioral Theories of Leadership
Study Behavioral Dimension Conclusion

University of Democratic style: involving subordinates, delegating Democratic style of

Iowa authority, and encouraging participation leadership was most
Autocratic style: dictating work methods, centralizing effective, although later
decision making, and limiting participation studies showed mixed
Laissez-faire style: giving group freedom to make results.
decisions and complete work
Ohio State Consideration: being considerate of followers’ ideas High–high leader (high in
and feelings consideration and high in
Initiating structure: structuring work and work initiating structure) achieved
relationships to meet job goals high subordinate
performance and
satisfaction, but not in all
situations.
University of Employee oriented: emphasized interpersonal Employee-oriented leaders
Michigan relationships and taking care of employees’ needs were associated with high
Production oriented: emphasized technical or task group productivity and higher
aspects of job job satisfaction.
Managerial Concern for people: measured leader’s concern for Leaders performed best with
Grid subordinates on a scale of 1 to 9 (low to high) a 9,9 style (high concern for
Concern for production: measured leader’s concern production and high concern
for getting job done on a scale of 1 to 9 (low to high) for people).

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Fiedler Model
• Fiedler contingency model: a leadership theory
proposing that effective group performance depends on
the proper match between a leader’s style and the degree
to which the situation allows the leader to control and
influence
• Least-preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire:
a questionnaire that measures whether a leader is task or
relationship oriented

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Fiedler’s Situational Contingencies
• Leader–member relations: describes the degree of
confidence, trust, and respect employees have for their
leader
• Task structure: describes the degree to which
job assignments are formalized and structured
• Position power: describes the degree of influence a
leader has over activities such as hiring, firing, discipline,
promotions, and salary increases

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Exhibit 17.3 The Fiedler Model

Exhibit 17.3 illustrates the Fiedler Model.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational
Leadership Style
• Situational leadership theory (SL T): a leadership
contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness
• Readiness: the extent to which people have the ability and
willingness to accomplish a specific task

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
SLT Leadership Styles
• Telling (high task–low relationship)
• Selling (high task–high relationship)
• Participating (low task–high relationship)
• Delegating (low task–low relationship)

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Four Stages of Follower Readiness
• R1: both unable and unwilling
• R2: unable but willing
• R3: able but unwilling
• R4: both able and willing

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Path-Goal Model
• Path-goal theory: a leadership theory that says the
leader’s job is to assist followers in attaining their goals
and to provide direction or support needed to ensure that
their goals are compatible with the goals of the group or
organization

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Four Leadership Behaviors
• Directive leader
• Supportive leader
• Participative leader
• Achievement-oriented leader

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Exhibit 17.4 Path-Goal Model

Exhibit 17.4 illustrates that path-goal theory proposes two situational or contingency
variables that moderate the leadership behavior–outcome relationship.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Leader-Member Exchange (LM X) Theory
• Leader-member exchange theory (LM X): the leadership
theory that says leaders create in-groups and out-groups
and those in the in-group will have higher performance
ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Charismatic Leadership
• Charismatic leader: an enthusiastic, self-confident leader
whose personality and actions influence people to behave
in certain ways

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Transformational/Transactional Leadership
• Transactional leaders: leaders who lead primarily by
using social exchanges (or transactions)
• Transformational leaders: leaders who stimulate and
inspire (transform) followers to achieve extraordinary
outcomes

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Authentic Leadership
• Authentic leadership: leaders who know who they are,
know what they believe in, and act on those values and
beliefs openly and candidly

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Ethical Leadership
• An ethical leader puts public safety ahead of profits, holds
culpable employees accountable, and creates a culture in
which employees feel that they could and should do a
better job.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Servant Leadership and Followership
• Servant leaders go beyond their own self-interest and
focus on helping followers grow and develop.
• Followership maintains leaders need good followers to be
effective. Good follower traits are:
– Ability to self manage
– They have a strong commitment to purpose
– Enthusiasm
– They build competence
– Courageous, honest, and credible

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Integrating Theories of Leadership (1 of 2)
• Traits: traits probably play a small role in leadership.
• Behaviors: three metacategories of behaviors appear to
be the most important leadership behaviors.
1. Task-oriented behavior
2. Relations-oriented behavior
3. Change-oriented behavior

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Integrating Theories of Leadership (2 of 2)
• Contingency factors: the most relevant contingency factors
affecting leadership are:
– Follower’s experience
– Follower’s ability
– Organizational culture
– National culture

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Managing Power (1 of 2)
• Legitimate power: the power a leader has as a result of
his or her position in the organization
• Coercive power: the power a leader has to punish or
control
• Reward power: the power a leader has to give positive
rewards

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Managing Power (2 of 2)
• Expert power: power that’s based on expertise, special
skills, or knowledge
• Referent power: power that arises because of a person’s
desirable resources or personal traits

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Developing Trust
• Credibility: the degree to which followers perceive
someone as honest, competent, and able to inspire
• Trust: the belief in the integrity, character, and ability of a
leader

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Five Dimensions of Trust
• Integrity
• Competence
• Consistency
• Loyalty
• Openness

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Leading Virtual Teams
• Emerging technologies make working remotely more and
more common.
• The lack of a “face-to-face” feature presents unique
leadership challenges.
• Managers need to become effective virtual leaders.
• The informal interaction or “water cooler talk” is restricted
in the virtual world. Managers need to overcome this in
some way.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Leadership Training
• Leader training is most effective when there are multiple
sessions that combine:
– Information
– Demonstration
– Practice-methods
• Some people aren’t meant to be leaders.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
When Leadership May Not Be Important
• Some factors may negate the leader’s influence. These
factors are:
– High levels of experience
– Education
– Training
– Professional orientation
– Indifference toward organizational rewards

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Review Learning Objective 17.1
• Define leader and leadership.
– A leader influences and has authority
– Leadership involves influencing a group to achieve its
goal
– Leading is a function of management

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Review Learning Objective 17.2
• Compare and contrast early theories of leadership.
– University of Iowa studies
– Ohio State studies
– University of Michigan studies
– Managerial grid

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Review Learning Objective 17.3
• Describe the three major contingency theories of
leadership.
– Fiedler’s model
– Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory
– Path goal model, Robert House

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Review Learning Objective 17.4
• Discuss contemporary views of leadership.
– Leader-membership exchange theory (LM X)
– Transactional/transformational leader
– Charismatic/visionary leader
– Authentic leadership
– Ethical leadership
– Team leader

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Review Learning Objective 17.5
• Compare the various theories of leadership for their
validity.
– Traits may play a very small role in defining leaders
– Relationship-oriented behaviors are the most important
leadership behavior
– Contingency factors most relevant to leadership are
follower’s experience and ability; and organizational
and national culture

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Review Learning Objective 17.6
• Describe twenty-first century issues affecting
leadership.
– Five sources of a leader’s power
– Issues of:
 managing power
 developing trust
 empowering employees
 leading across cultures
 becoming an effective leader

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and

is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or
sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide
Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not
permitted. The work and materials from it should never be
made available to students except by instructors using the
accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this
work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to
honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of
other instructors who rely on these materials.

Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved