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DIP3

The document discusses properties of 2D-DFT, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, DCT, image segmentation techniques based on discontinuity and similarity, edge detection using first and second order derivatives, isolated point detection, line detection, and basic global thresholding.

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Namitha. HOGッKING
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24 views90 pages

DIP3

The document discusses properties of 2D-DFT, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, DCT, image segmentation techniques based on discontinuity and similarity, edge detection using first and second order derivatives, isolated point detection, line detection, and basic global thresholding.

Uploaded by

Namitha. HOGッKING
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROPERTIES OF 2D-DFT

• The properties of 2D-DFT


• (i) separable property,
• (ii) spatial shift property,
• (iii) periodicity property,
• (iv) convolution property,
• (v) correlation property,
• (vi) scaling property, (vii) conjugate symmetry property,
• (viii) rotation property
Separable Property
• The separable property allows a 2D transform to be computed
in two steps by successive 1D operations on rows and columns
of an image.
WALSH TRANSFORM
• Walsh in 1923 introduced a complete set of orthonormal
square-wave functions to represent these functions. The
computational simplicity of the Walsh function is due to the fact
that Walsh functions are real and they take only two values
which are either +1 or –1
HADAMARD TRANSFORM
DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM
Image Segmentation
• Most of the segmentation algorithms are based on one of two basic
properties of image intensity values: discontinuity and similarity
• In the first category, the approach is to partition an image into
regions based on abrupt changes in intensity, such as edges
• Approaches in the second category are based on partitioning an
image into regions that are similar according to a set of predefined
criteria. Thresholding, region growing, and region splitting and
merging are examples of methods in this category
• (1) First-order derivatives generally produce thicker edges.
• (2) Second-order derivatives have a stronger response to fine detail,
such as thin lines, isolated points, and noise.
• (3) Second-order derivatives produce a double-edge response at
ramp and step transitions in intensity.
• (4) The sign of the second derivative can be used to determine
whether a transition into an edge is from light to dark or dark to light
DETECTION OF ISOLATED POINTS
Line Detection
• we note that the first derivative is positive at the onset of the ramp
and at points on the ramp, and it is zero in areas of constant intensity.
The second derivative is positive at the beginning of the ramp,
negative at the end of the ramp, zero at points on the ramp, and zero
at points of constant intensity.

• The intersection between the zero intensity axis and a line extending
between the extrema of the second derivative marks a point called
the zero crossing of the second derivative.
• We conclude from these observations that the magnitude of the first
derivative can be used to detect the presence of an edge at a point in
an image. Similarly, the sign of the second derivative can be used to
determine whether an edge pixel lies on the dark or light side of an
edge
BASIC EDGE DETECTION
• The Image Gradient and Its Properties
MORE ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR
EDGE DETECTION
• The Marr-Hildreth Edge Detector
BASIC GLOBAL THRESHOLDING

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