Operational Amplifiers
(OP Amps)
UNIT 6
Syllabus
• Operational amplifier,
• Schematic symbol of op-amp,
• Output voltage from op-amp,
• Applications of op-amp,
• Inverting amplifier,
• Non-inverting amplifier,
• Summing amplifier and
• Comparators.
Operational amplifier
• Operational amplifiers (Op-amp) are analog circuit blocks that take differential
voltage inputs and produce single-ended voltage outputs,
• The input stage of an operational amplifier is usually a differential amplifier. Op-
amp is basically a multistage amplifier.
• It uses a number of amplifier stages interconnected to each other in a
complicated manner.
• The amplifier can be configured to perform a variety of operations such as
amplification, addition, subtraction, differentiation and integration.
• Hence the name is operational amplifier (OP-AMP).
• The integrated Op-amp offers all the advantages of monolithic integrated circuits.
• I.e. small size, high reliability, reduced cost, less power consumption.
• IC 741 is the commercially available op-amp in the form of an IC (integrated
circuit) and is extremely popular and used in a variety of applications.
Operational amplifier
• Like resistors and capacitors, an Op-amp is a basic building block in
many important analog electronic circuits.
• It can operate on an AC and a DC signal, giving a vast possibility for its
applications.
• Some other differential amplifiers are fully differential amplifiers,
instrumentation amplifiers, and isolation amplifiers.
• When used with different configurations, it can be used to build
circuits for mathematical operations, buffers, wave generators, and
amplifiers.
Operational amplifier
OP Amp Symbol OP Amp IC 741- Pin Diagram
Operational amplifier
• Open Loop and Closed Loop Op amp Configuration
• An open loop system has no feedback components, and its output
does not influence its operation and inputs.
Closed loop
While a closed loop system connects the system’s inputs to its output via a
feedback path, this feedback can have a degenerative or constructive effect on
the output levels of the system.
The feedback path and element can alter the stability of a system.
A negative feedback path is used in Amplifiers, and positive feedback is used for
oscillators.
Closed loop
• In the closed loop configuration some kind of
“feedback” is introduced in the circuit.
• A part of output is returned back or fed back to
the input.
• Types of feedback:
• Positive feedback or regenerative feedback- if the
feedback signal and the original input signal are in
phase with each other then it is called as the
positive feedback.
• Negative feedback or degenerative feedback- If
the signal is fed back to the input and the original
input signal are 180 degree out of phase, then it is
called as the negative feedback.
Differentiating Between an Ideal and Practical Op amp
• There is no such thing as an ideal Op-amp, but present-day Op-amps
are so close to ideal that analyzing an ideal Op-amp becomes similarly
accurate as analyzing an actual Op-amp.
• Op-amps depart from the ideal in two ways.
• First, dc parameters, such as input offset voltage, are large enough to
deviate from the ideal.
• On the other hand, the idea is based on the assumption that the input
offset voltage is zero.
• Second, as parameters, such as gain, are a function of frequency,
they go down from high to low frequencies at dc.
The input offset voltage (VOS) is defined as the voltage that must be applied between the two input terminals of the op amp to obtain zero volts at the output.
Op amp Characteristics
• Open Loop Gain
Open-loop gain refers to the gain of an operational amplifier without any feedback, and ideally, it is
considered infinite (very high in a practical case).
• Input Impedance
Its ideal value is infinity, which minimizes source loading. An Input impedance is measured between a
negative and positive terminal (practically, there is a small leakage current).
• Output Impedance
Ideally, an operational amplifier should have zero output impedance, and its output determines its ability
to drive current and buffer voltage (practically a very small value).
• Frequency Response and Bandwidth (BW)
Ideally, an operational amplifier can maintain a high gain regardless of signal frequency (practically, there
is a 20dB/decade decrease after a finite BW, i.e., 3dB point).
• Gain Bandwidth Product (GBP)
At a given frequency, GBP is calculated as the point at which the gain of the operational amplifier reaches
unity, allowing the user to calculate the device’s open-loop gain.
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
CMRR is the ability of an operational amplifier to cancel out the noise or the common inputs at the
terminals. Ideally, the CMRR value is expected to be infinite (practically very good at avoiding noise).
Basic operation of an op-amp
• There are two types of op-amps, depending on how the input is given
to the op-amp.
• Inverting operation amplifier -
• Non-inverting operational amplifier -
Inverting Op-Amp
Inverting Op-Amp
• Input and output signals 180 degree phase shift when the input signal is applied to
the inverting (-) terminal.
• The voltage gain of the inverting operational amplifier or inverting op amp is,
AV =- Rf/Ri.
• The output is amplified and inverted.
Non-inverting operational amplifier
Non-inverting operational amplifier
Differential amplifier
• An ideal differential amplifier is expected to amplify the differential signal
present between its two input signal.
• It is also the basic stage of an integrated Op-amp with differential input.
• The difference between the input signals V1 and V2 is called as the
differential signal Vd
• Differential signal Vd = V1 – V2
• Vo = Ad (V1 – V2),
• Where Ad is called as the differential gain.
• The differential gain can be defined as the gain with which the differential
amplifier amplifies the differential signal.
• Vo = AdVd
Common mode input signal:
A common signal to both the input terminals (i.e. V1=V2=V) is called as common mode
signal. The output voltage produced by an ideal differential amplifier is zero for the common
mode signal.
Common mode gain:
Op-amp used as a summing amplifier or
adder
• It is possible to apply more than one input signal to an inverting amplifier.
• This circuit will then add all these input signals to produce their addition at
the output.
• Such a circuit will then be called as an adder or a summing amplifier.
• Depending on the polarity or a sign of the output voltage the adder circuits can
be classified into two categories:
• 1. Inverting adder and 2. Non-inverting adder.
• The summing amplifier is an application of the inverting op-amp configuration.
• The summing amplifier has two or more inputs and its output voltage is
proportional to the negative of the algebraic sum of its input voltage.
Op-amp used as a Summing amplifier or
adder
Summing amplifier
Op Amp Comparator
• https://www.circuitbread.com/tutorials/how-an-op-amp-comparator-
works
• https://techovedas.com/10-applications-of-op-amps-making-the-imp
ossible-possible/
