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Lesson 8 The T Distribution

The document discusses the t-distribution, including its properties and uses. It provides examples of using the t-distribution to find critical values and construct confidence intervals. The t-distribution is a probability distribution used to estimate population parameters when sample sizes are small and the population variance is unknown.

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37 views12 pages

Lesson 8 The T Distribution

The document discusses the t-distribution, including its properties and uses. It provides examples of using the t-distribution to find critical values and construct confidence intervals. The t-distribution is a probability distribution used to estimate population parameters when sample sizes are small and the population variance is unknown.

Uploaded by

allysamaefaala437
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

#155 P. FAUSTINO ST. PUNTURIN, VALENZUELA CITY

Quarter 3: Lesson 8

THE T-DISTRIBUTION
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners are able to..


• illustrate the t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-2).
• identify critical values (percentiles) using the t-table (M11/12SP-IIIg-5)

PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL


THE T-DISTRIBUTION

The t-distribution
• The t-distribution is bell-shaped and unimodal. It is symmetric about t=0. However, its
variance is greater than 1. The t-distribution is used with small samples taken from
population that is approximately normal.

PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL


THE T-DISTRIBUTION

The t-distribution

• The t distribution (aka, Student's t-distribution) is a probability distribution that is


used to estimate population parameters when the sample size is small and/or when
the population variance is unknown. It was developed by Willam Sealy Gosset in
1908.
• If x and s are the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of a random sample of
size n taken from a normally distributed population with a mean u, can be
standardized as t
• The formula is used when n < 30 and the population standard deviation is
unknown.

PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL


THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Property of t-distribution

1. The variance is greater than 1.


2. The t-distribution curve is bell-shaped.
3. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
4. The distribution curve is asymptotic to the x-axis.
5. The mean, median, and mode are equal to zero and are located at
the center of the distribution.
6. As the sample size increases, the t-distribution approaches the
normal distribution.

PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL


THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Property of t-distribution

• The graph for the Student’s t-distribution is similar to the standard


normal curve.
• The mean for the Student’s t-distribution is zero and the distribution
is symmetric about zero.
• The Student’s t-distribution has more probability in its tails than the
standard normal distribution because the spread of the t-distribution is
greater than the spread of the standard normal. So the graph of the
Student’s t-distribution will be thicker in the tails and shorter in the
center than the graph of the standard normal distribution.

PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL


THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Property of t-distribution
• The exact shape of the Student’s t-distribution depends on the degrees
of freedom. As the degrees of freedom increases, the graph of
Student’s t-distribution becomes more like the graph of the standard
normal distribution.
• The underlying population of individual observations is assumed to
be normally distributed with unknown population mean μ and
unknown population standard deviation σ. The size of the underlying
population is generally not relevant unless it is very small. If it is bell
shaped (normal) then the assumption is met and doesn’t need
discussion. Random sampling is assumed, but that is a completely
separate assumption from normality
PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
THE T-DISTRIBUTION

The t-distribution formula


𝒙 −𝝁
𝒕=
𝒔
where: √𝒏
= sample mean s = standard deviation
=population mean n = sample size
• To find a value in the Table of t-critical values, there is a need to adjust the sample size n by converting it
to degree of freedom (df).

ⅆ 𝒇 =𝒏 −𝟏
where:
df = degree of freedom
n = sample size
PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Exercises:

1. Find the critical t-value for = 0.01 with df = 22 for a right-tailed t-test.
Answer : 2.508
2. Find the critical t-value for = 0.01 with df = 22 for a left-tailed t-test.
Answer : -2.508
3. Find the critical t-value for = 0.10 with df = 18 for a two-tailed t-test.
Answer : 1.734
4. Find the critical t-value for = 0.05 with df = 28 for a right-tailed t-test.
Answer : 1.701
PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Exercises:

5. Find the critical t-value for = 0.20 with df = 29 for a two-tailed t-test.
Answer : 1.311
6. Find the critical t-value for = 0.005 with df = 24 for a left-tailed t-test.
Answer : -2.797
7. Find the critical t-value for = 0.002 with df = 60 for a two-tailed t-test.
Answer : 3.232
8. Find the critical t-value for = 0.20 with df = 281for a right-tailed t-test.
Answer : 0.859
PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Example:
1. A student researcher wants to determine whether the mean score in Mathematics of 25 students in Grade 8 is
significantly different from average of the school which is 89. The mean and the standard deviation of the
scores of the students are 95 and 15 respectively. Assume 95% confidence level.

Given:
= 95 s = 15
=89 n = 25

𝒙 −𝝁 𝟗𝟓 −𝟖𝟗 𝟔 𝟔
𝒕= ¿ ¿ ¿ 𝒕 =𝟐
𝒔 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
√𝒏 𝟓 𝟓 =
√ 𝟐𝟓
PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
THE T-DISTRIBUTION

Example:
2. Suppose you do a study of acupuncture to determine how effective it is in relieving pain. You measure
sensory rates for 15 subjects with the results given. Use the sample data to construct a 95% confidence
interval for the mean sensory rate for the population (assumed normal) from which you took the data.
8.6 9.4 7.9 6.8 8.3 7.3 9.2 9.6 8.7 11.4
10.3 5.4 8.1 5.5 6.9

Given:
= 8.6 s = 6.11
=8.23 n = 15

𝒕=
𝒙 −𝝁 𝟖 .𝟔 −𝟖 . 𝟐𝟑 𝟎 . 𝟑𝟕
¿ ¿ 𝒕=𝟎 . 𝟐𝟑
𝒔 𝟔 .𝟏𝟏 𝟔 . 𝟏𝟏
√𝒏 =
√𝟏𝟓 √ 𝟏𝟓
PUNTURIN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

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