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Linear Filtering

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Aschalew Ayele
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47 views18 pages

Linear Filtering

Uploaded by

Aschalew Ayele
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Submitted by:
Name: ID NO.
Aschalew Ayele……………………RNS/2863/20

Submitted to: Gizaw T.


Linear Filtering
What is Filter?
 As its name implies, the purpose of filters is to filter out
some unnecessary components (in other words, the
noise).
 Filtering is a neighborhood operation, in which
the value of any given pixel in the output image
is determined by applying some algorithm to the
values of the pixels in the neighborhood of the
corresponding input pixel.
Cont…
 Linear filtering is one of the most powerful
image enhancement methods.
 Linear filtering is filtering in which the
value of an output pixel is a linear
combination(weighted sum) of the values of
the pixels in the input pixel's
neighborhood.
 Replace each pixel with a linear combination of its
neighbors.
• Convolution kernel: prescription for the linear
Combination.
Why image Filtering

Sharpening

Why image filter


 To reduce noise
 To fill into the missing information in the
image
 To find important image features like
edges
Types of Linear Filter

1. Average Filter(Box Filter): all members of this


filter are the same.
 Moving average in 2D:
2. Gaussian filter:
 A Gaussian Filter is a low pass filter used for
reducing noise (high frequency components) and
blurring regions of an image.
 The filter is implemented as an Odd sized
Symmetric Kernel (DIP version of a Matrix)
which is passed through each pixel of the Region
of Interest to get the desired effect.
Process to Apply a Gauss filter
 In the process of using Gaussian Filter on an image we
firstly define the size of the Kernel/Matrix that would be
used for demising the image.
 The sizes are generally odd numbers, i.e. the overall
results can be computed on the central pixel.
 Also the Kernels are symmetric & therefore have the
same number of rows and column.
 The values inside the kernel are computed by the
Gaussian function, which is as follows:
x → X coordinate value
y → Y coordinate value
→ Mathematical Constant PI (value = 3.13)
σ → Standard Deviation
• Using the above function a gaussian kernel of any size can be
calculated, by providing it with appropriate values. A 3×3
Gaussian Kernel Approximation(two-dimensional) with Standard
Deviation = 1, appears as follows.
3. Laplace or Mexican hat filter
 Laplacian filters are derivative filters used to find areas
of rapid change (edges) in images. Since derivative filters
are very sensitive to noise, it is common to smooth the
image (e.g., using a Gaussian filter) before applying the
Laplacian.
 Some members of this filter are negative filter and it can
calculate by summation of positive member and negative
member.
3D structure, 2D structure and example of filter (a) Box filter (b) Gaussian filter and (c)
Laplace filter
Derivative filter
• The purpose of this linear spatial filter is just the
opposite of the smoothing spatial filter.
• It helps in sharpening the digital image.
• It’s main focus is the removal of blurring and
highlighting the edges. It is based on the first and
second order derivative for each group of pixel
values considered in x and y directions.
Derivative filter
• When a derivative filter is applied to a digital
image, the resulting information about brightness
change rates can be used to enhance contrast,
detect edges and boundaries, and to measure
feature orientation. Derivative filters are also
called gradient filters.
Advantage of linear filtering
 it is relatively simple to implement.
 it is very versatile.
 easier to design, analyze, and implement than
nonlinear filters.
 Linear filters are often very robust.
Disadvantage of linear filtering
 It can introduce distortion into the output
signal.
 This is because linear filters are not able to
perfectly remove all of the unwanted signals
from the input signal.
 It can be computationally expensive.
 This is because linear filters require matrix
multiplication, which can be a time-consuming
operation.
Application area of linear filtering
Audio engineering: remove noise from audio
signals.
Image processing: remove noise from images, to
improve the contrast of images, and to sharpen
images.
Video processing: remove noise from video
signals, to improve the color quality of video
recordings.
Telecommunications: remove noise from
communication signals.
Control systems: control the output of a system

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