PROJECT OVERVIEW

PROJECT OVERVIEW: INTRO TO IMAGE CLASSIFIERS

• Image Classifiers work by predicting the class of items that are present in a given image.
• For example, you can train a classifier to classify images of cats and dogs.
• So when you feed a trained classifier an image of a dog, it can predict the label associated with the given
image “label = dog”.
• Let’s take a look at the fashion class dataset.
TARGET CLASS: 10
INPUT IMAGES

T-SHIRT/TOP
TROUSER
PULLOVER
DRESS
COAT
CLASSIFIER SANDAL
SHIRT
SNEAKER
BAG
Fashion consists of 70,000 images
ANKLE
• 60,000 training
BOOT
• 10,000 testing
Images are 28x28 grayscale
 PROJECT OVERVIEW: CLASSIFY
TRAFFIC SIGNS
• Traffic sign classification is an important task for self driving cars.
• In this project, a Deep Network known as LeNet will be used for traffic sign images classification.
• The dataset contains 43 different classes of images.
• Classes are as listed below:
• ( 0, b'Speed limit (20km/h)') ( 1, b'Speed limit (30km/h)') ( 2, b'Speed limit (50km/h)') ( 3, b'Speed limit (60km/h)') ( 4, b'Speed limit (70km/h)')
• ( 5, b'Speed limit (80km/h)') ( 6, b'End of speed limit (80km/h)') ( 7, b'Speed limit (100km/h)') ( 8, b'Speed limit (120km/h)') ( 9, b'No passing')
• (10, b'No passing for vehicles over 3.5 metric tons') (11, b'Right-of-way at the next intersection') (12, b'Priority road') (13, b'Yield') (14, b'Stop')
• (15, b'No vehicles') (16, b'Vehicles over 3.5 metric tons prohibited') (17, b'No entry')
• (18, b'General caution') (19, b'Dangerous curve to the left')
• (20, b'Dangerous curve to the right') (21, b'Double curve')
• (22, b'Bumpy road') (23, b'Slippery road')
• (24, b'Road narrows on the right') (25, b'Road work')
• (26, b'Traffic signals') (27, b'Pedestrians') (28, b'Children crossing')
• (29, b'Bicycles crossing') (30, b'Beware of ice/snow')
• (31, b'Wild animals crossing')
• (32, b'End of all speed and passing limits') (33, b'Turn right ahead')
• (34, b'Turn left ahead') (35, b'Ahead only') (36, b'Go straight or right')
• (37, b'Go straight or left') (38, b'Keep right') (39, b'Keep left')
• (40, b'Roundabout mandatory') (41, b'End of no passing')
• (42, b'End of no passing by vehicles over 3.5 metric tons')

Data Source: https://www.kaggle.com/meowmeowmeowmeowmeow/gtsrb-german-traffic-sign

CLASSIFY TRAFFIC SIGNS

• The dataset consists of 43 different classes.

• Images are 32 x 32 pixels

INPUT IMAGE
TARGET
CLASSES

20km/h
CLASSIFIER 50 km/h
32 100 km/h
Stop
Yield

32
 WHAT ARE
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL
NETWORKS (CNNS) AND
HOW DO THEY LEARN?
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL
NETWORKS BASICS

• The neuron collects signals from input channels named dendrites, processes information in its
nucleus, and then generates an output in a long thin branch called the axon.
• Human learning occurs adaptively by varying the bond strength between these neurons.

P1
W1

W2 n
P2 S f a
W3
b
P3
1

n  P1W1  P2W2  P3W3  b

a  f ( n)

Photo Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artificial_neural_network.svg

Photo Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron_Hand-tuned.svg
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS:
ENTIRE NETWORK OVERVIEW

T-SHIRT/TOP
TROUSER
PULLOVER
CONVOLUTION POOLING FLATTENING DRESS
COAT
SANDAL
SHIRT
SNEAKER
KERNELS/ POOLING BAG
FEATURE FILTERS ANKLE BOOT

DETECTORS

CONVOLUTIONAL LAYER POOLING LAYER

(DOWNSAMPLING)
Photo Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artificial_neural_network.svg
FEATURE DETECTORS

• Convolutions use a kernel matrix to scan a given image and apply a filter to obtain a certain effect.
• An image Kernel is a matrix used to apply effects such as blurring and sharpening.
• Kernels are used in machine learning for feature extraction to select most important pixels of an image.
• Convolution preserves the spatial relationship between pixels.

FEATURE MAPS

KERNELS/
FEATURE
DETECTORS
FEATURE DETECTORS

• Live Convolution: http://setosa.io/ev/image-kernels/

FEATURE DETECTOR

0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 3 1
0 0 1 0 1

FEATURE MAP
IMAGE
 WHAT ARE
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL
NETWORKS (CNNS) AND
HOW DO THEY LEARN? –
PART 2
RELU (RECTIFIED LINEAR UNITS)

• RELU Layers are used to add non-linearity in the feature map.

• It also enhances the sparsity or how scattered the feature map is.

T-SHIRT/TOP
TROUSER
PULLOVER
CONVOLUTION POOLING FLATTENING DRESS
COAT
SANDAL
SHIRT
SNEAKER
KERNELS/ POOLING BAG
FEATURE FILTERS ANKLE BOOT

DETECTORS

CONVOLUTIONAL LAYER POOLING LAYER

(DOWNSAMPLING)

Photo Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artificial_neural_network.svg

RELU (RECTIFIED LINEAR UNITS)

• RELU Layers are used to add non-linearity in the feature map.

• It also enhances the sparsity or how scattered the feature map is.
• The gradient of the RELU does not vanish as we increase x compared to the sigmoid function

7 10 -5 2 1 7 10 0 2 1
1 0 2 3 -6 1 0 2 3 0
1 17 -5 0 0 1 17 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 -8 12 1 0 0 0 12 1

Photo Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artificial_neural_network.svg

POOLING (DOWNSAMPLING)

• Pooling or down sampling layers are placed after convolutional layers to reduce feature map
dimensionality.
• This improves the computational efficiency while preserving the features.
• Pooling helps the model to generalize by avoiding overfitting.
• If one of the pixel is shifted, the pooled feature map will still be the same.
• Max pooling works by retaining the maximum feature response within a given sample size in a feature
map.
• Live illustration : http://scs.ryerson.ca/~aharley/vis/conv/flat.html

1 1 3 4 6
3 6 2 8 MAX POOLING
6 8
FLATTENING 8
3 9 1 0 2x2 9 4 9
STRIDE = 2
1 3 3 4 4

Photo Credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artificial_neural_network.svg

HOW TO IMPROVE
NETWORK
PERFORMANCE?
 INCREASE FILTERS/DROPOUT

• Improve accuracy by adding more feature detectors/filters or adding a dropout.

• Dropout refers to dropping out units in a neural network.
• Neurons develop co-dependency amongst each other during training
• Dropout is a regularization technique for reducing overfitting in neural networks.
• It enables training to occur on several architectures of the neural network

KERNELS/
FEATURE
64 INSTEAD OF
32 DETECTORS

• Photo Credit: https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:MultiLayerNeuralNetworkBigger_english.png

CONFUSION MATRIX
CONFUSION MATRIX

TRUE CLASS

+ -

TYPE I ERROR
+ TRUE + FALSE +

PREDICTIONS

FALSE - TRUE -
-
TYPE II ERROR
CONFUSION MATRIX

• A confusion matrix is used to describe the performance of a classification model:

o True positives (TP): cases when classifier predicted TRUE (they have the disease), and correct class
was TRUE (patient has disease).

o True negatives (TN): cases when model predicted FALSE (no disease), and correct class was FALSE
(patient do not have disease).

o False positives (FP) (Type I error): classifier predicted TRUE, but correct class was FALSE (patient
did not have disease).

o False negatives (FN) (Type II error): classifier predicted FALSE (patient do not have disease), but
they actually do have the disease
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPI)

o Classification Accuracy = (TP+TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN)

o Misclassification rate (Error Rate) = (FP + FN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN)

o Precision = TP/Total TRUE Predictions = TP/ (TP+FP) (When model predicted TRUE class, how often
was it right?)

o Recall = TP/ Actual TRUE = TP/ (TP+FN) (when the class was actually TRUE, how often did the
classifier get it right?)
PRECISION Vs. RECALL EXAMPLE

TRUE CLASS

+ -

+ TP = 1 FP = 1
PREDICTIONS

- FN = 8 TN = 90

o Classification Accuracy = (TP+TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN) = 91%

o Precision = TP/Total TRUE Predictions = TP/ (TP+FP) = ½=50%
o Recall = TP/ Actual TRUE = TP/ (TP+FN) = 1/9 = 11%
LENET NETWORK
LENET ARCHITECTURE

• The network used is called LeNet that was presented by Yann LeCun
• Reference and photo credit: http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/lecun-01a.pdf
• C: Convolution layer, S: subsampling layer, F: Fully Connected layer
LENET ARCHITECTURE

•STEP 1: THE FIRST CONVOLUTIONAL LAYER #1

• Input = 32x32x1
• Output = 28x28x6
• Output = (Input-filter+1)/Stride* => (32-5+1)/1=28
• Used a 5x5 Filter with input depth of 3 and output depth of 6
• Apply a RELU Activation function to the output
• pooling for input, Input = 28x28x6 and Output = 14x14x6

•STEP 2: THE SECOND CONVOLUTIONAL LAYER #2

• Input = 14x14x6
• Output = 10x10x16
• Layer 2: Convolutional layer with Output = 10x10x16
• Output = (Input-filter+1)/strides => 10 = 14-5+1/1
• Apply a RELU Activation function to the output
• Pooling with Input = 10x10x16 and Output = 5x5x16

•STEP 3: FLATTENING THE NETWORK

• Flatten the network with Input = 5x5x16 and Output = 400

•STEP 4: FULLY CONNECTED LAYER

• Layer 3: Fully Connected layer with Input = 400 and Output = 120
• Apply a RELU Activation function to the output

•STEP 5: ANOTHER FULLY CONNECTED LAYER * Stride is the amount by which the kernel is shifted when the
• Layer 4: Fully Connected Layer with Input = 120 and Output = 84 kernel is passed over the image.
• Apply a RELU Activation function to the output

•STEP 6: FULLY CONNECTED LAYER

• Layer 5: Fully Connected layer with Input = 84 and Output = 43
NOTES ON SERVICE LIMIT
INCREASE
INSTANCE REQUEST

1. Click on Services

2.Click in
Support
INSTANCE REQUEST

1.Click on Create Case

2. Select Service Limit

Increase

3.Select Sagemaker from the drop-down box

INSTANCE REQUEST

1.Select the region (region closest to you)

2.Select Sagemaker Notebooks

3.Select ml.p2.16xlarge instances

4. Request of 2( As we need 2 for training and deployment)

5. Give the same reason

INSTANCE REQUEST

Click the submit button

NOTE: It takes around 24hrs to 48hrs for the instances to get

approval for the first time. After that, you would get the instances
approved within 1 – 2 hours.