DATA ANALYTICS WITH R

Lecturer: Le Hoanh Su, PhD

 Data Analytics with R:

INTRODUCTION TO R PROGRAMING
 Data Analytics with R 3

Today’s discussion…

• R is an open source programming language and

software environment for statistical computing and
graphics.

• The R language is widely used among statisticians

and data miners for developing statistical software
and data analytics tools
 Data Analytics with R

History of R

• Modelled after S & S-plus, developed at AT&T labs in late 1980s.

• R project was started by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka Department of

Statistics, University of Auckland (1995).

• Currently maintained by R core development team – an international team of

volunteer developers (since 1997).
 Data Analytics with R

R resources

• http://www.r-project.org/

• http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Verzani-SimpleR.pdf
 Data Analytics with R

Download R and RStudio

• Download R :
http://cran.r-project.org/bin/

• Download RStudio :
http://www.rstudio.com/ide/download/desktop
 Data Analytics with R

Installation
Installing R on windows PC :

 Use internet browser to point to : http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/CRAN

 Under the heading Precompiled Binary Distributions, choose the link Windows.
 Next heading is R for Windows; choose the link base.
 Click on download option(R 3.4.1 for windows).
 Save this to the folder C:\R on your PC.
 When downloading is complete, close or minimize the Internet browser.
 Double click on R 3.4.1-win32.exe in C:\R to install .

Installing R on Linux:
 sudo apt-get install r-base-core
 Data Analytics with R

Installation
Installing RStudio:

 Go to www.rstudio.com and click on the "Download RStudio" button.

 Click on "Download RStudio Desktop.“

 Click on the version recommended for your system, or the latest Windows
version, and save the executable file. Run the .exe file and follow the
installation instructions.
 Data Analytics with R

Version

• Get R version
R.Version()

• Get RStudio version

RStudio: Toolbar at top > Help > About RStudio
 Data Analytics with R

A test run with R in Windows

• Double click the R icon on the Desktop and the R Console will open.
• Wait while the program loads. You observe something like this.

• You can type your own program at the prompt line >.
 Data Analytics with R

Getting help from R console

▫ help.start()
▫ help(topic)
▫ ?topic
▫ ??topic
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R command in integrated environment

 Data Analytics with R

How to use R for simple maths

• > 3+5
• > 12 + 3 / 4 – 5 + 3*8
• > (12 + 3 / 4 – 5) + 3*8
• > pi * 2^3 – sqrt(4)
• >factorial(4)
• >log(2,10)
• >log(2, base=10)
• >log10(2)
• >log(2)

Note: R ignores spaces

 Data Analytics with R

How to store results of calculations for future use

• > x = 3+5
• >x
• > y = 12 + 3 / 4 – 5 + 3*8
• >y
• > z = (12 + 3 / 4 – 5) + 3*8
• >z
• > A <- 6 + 8 ## no space should be between < & -
• >a ## Note: R is case sensitive
• >A
 Data Analytics with R

Identifiers naming

• Don't use underscores ( _ ) or hyphens ( - ) in identifiers.

• The preferred form for variable names is all lower case letters
and words separated with dots (variable.name) but
variableName is also accepted.

• Examples:
avg.clicks GOOD
avgClicks OK
avg_Clicks BAD

• Function names have initial capital letters and no dots (e.g.,

FunctionName).
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Using C command

• > data1 = c(3, 6, 9, 12, 78, 34, 5, 7, 7) ## numerical data

• > data1.text = c(‘Mon’, ‘Tue’, “Wed”) ## Text data
• ## Single or double quote both ok
• ##copy/paste into R console may not work
• > data1.text = c(data1.text, ‘Thu’, ‘Fri’)
 Data Analytics with R

Scan command for making data

• > data3 = scan() ## data separated by Space / Press
## Press Enter key twice to exit
• 1: 4 5 7 8
• 5: 2 9 4
• 8: 3
• 9:

• > data3 ## Read 8 items

• [1] 4 5 7 8 2 9 4 3
 Data Analytics with R

Scan command for making data

• > d3 = scan(what = ‘character’) > d3[6]='sat'
• 1: mon

• 2: tue
• 3: wed thu > d3
• 5: [1] "mon" "mon" "wed" "thu" NA "sat"
• > d3 
• [1] "mon" "tue" "wed" "thu" > d3[2]='tue'
• > d3[2]

• [1] "tue"
• > d3[5] = 'fri'
• > d3[2]='mon' 
•
• > d3 > d3
• [1] "mon" "mon" "wed" "thu" [1] "mon" "tue" "wed" "thu" "fri" "sat"
 Data Analytics with R

Concept of working directory

• >getwd()
• [1] "C:\Users\honguyen\R\Database"
•
• > setwd('D:\Data Analytics\Project\Database)
•
• > dir() ## working directory listing
•
• >ls() ## Workspace listing of objects
•
• >rm(‘object’) ## Remove an element “object”, if exist
•
• > rm(list = ls()) ## Cleaning
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Reading data from a data file

• > setwd("D:/arpita/data analytics/my work") #Set the working directory to file location
• > getwd()
• [1] "D:/arpita/data analytics/my work“
• > dir()
• [1] "Arv.txt" "DiningAtSFO" "LatentView-DPL" "TC-10-Rec.csv" "TC.csv"
• rm(list=ls(all=TRUE)) # Refresh session
• > data=read.csv('iris.csv', header = T, sep=",")
• (data = read.table(‘iris.csv', header = T, sep = ','))
• > ls()
• [1] "data"
• > str(data)
• 'data.frame': 149 obs. of 5 variables:
• $ X5.1 : num 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 5.4 ...
• $ X3.5 : num 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.7 ...
• $ X1.4 : num 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 ...
• $ X0.2 : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 ...
• $ Iris.setosa: Factor w/ 3 levels "Iris-setosa",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
 Data Analytics with R

Accessing elements from a file

• > data$X5.1
• [1] 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.3 5.8 5.7
• > data$X5.1[7]=5.2
• > data$X5.1
• [1] 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.4 4.6 5.2 4.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.3 5.8 5.7
#Note: This change has happened in workspace only not in the file.
• How to make it permanent?
• write.csv / write.table
• >write.table(data, file =‘iris_mod.csv', row.names = FALSE, sep = ',')
• If row.names is TRUE, R adds one ID column in the beginning of file.
• So its suggested to use row.names = FALSE option
• >write.csv(data, file ==‘iris_mod.csv', row.names = TRUE) ## to test
 Data Analytics with R

Different data items in R

• Vector

• Matrix

• Data Frame

• List
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Vectors in R
• >x=c(1,2,3,4,56)
• >x
• > x[2]
• > x = c(3, 4, NA, 5)
• >mean(x)
• [1] NA
• >mean(x, rm.NA=T)
• [1] 4
• > x = c(3, 4, NULL, 5)
• >mean(x)
• [1] 4
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More on Vectors in R
• >y = c(x,c(-1,5),x)
• >length(x)
• >length(y)
• There are useful methods to create long vectors whose elements
are in arithmetic progression:
• > x=1:20
• >x
•
• If the common difference is not 1 or -1 then we can use
the seq function
• > y=seq(2,5,0.3)
• >y
• [1] 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.0
• > length(y)
• [1] 11
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More on Vectors in R
• > x=1:5  It is very easy to add/subtract/multiply/divide two
• > mean(x) vectors entry by entry.
 > y=c(0,3,4,0)
• [1] 3  > x+y
• >x  [1] 1 5 7 4 5
• [1] 1 2 3 4 5  > y=c(0,3,4,0,9)
• > x^2  > x+y
• [1] 1 4 9 16 25  [1] 1 5 7 4 14
• > x+1  Warning message:
• [1] 2 3 4 5 6  In x + y : longer object length is not a multiple of
shorter object length
• > 2*x  > x=1:6
• [1] 2 4 6 8 10  > y=c(9,8)
• > exp(sqrt(x))  > x+y
• [1] 2.718282 4.113250 5.652234  [1] 10 10 12 12 14 14
7.389056 9.356469
 Data Analytics with R

Matrices in R
• Same data type/mode – number , character, logical
• a.matrix <- matrix(vector, nrow = r, ncol = c, byrow = FALSE,
dimnames = list(char-vector-rownames, char-vector-col-names))
## dimnames is optional argument, provides labels for rows & columns.
• > y <- matrix(1:20, nrow = 4, ncol = 5)
• >A = matrix(c(1,2,3,4),nrow=2,byrow=T)
• >A
• >A = matrix(c(1,2,3,4),ncol=2)
• >B = matrix(2:7,nrow=2)
• >C = matrix(5:2,ncol=2)
• >mr <- matrix(1:20, nrow = 5, ncol = 4, byrow = T)
• >mc <- matrix(1:20, nrow = 5, ncol = 4)
• >mr
• >mc
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More on matrices in R
• >dim(B) #Dimension
• >nrow(B)
• >ncol(B)
• >A+C
• >A-C
• >A%*%C #Matrix multiplication. Where will be the result?
• >A*C #Entry-wise multiplication
• >t(A) #Transpose
• >A[1,2]
• >A[1,]
• >B[1,c(2,3)]
• >B[,-1]
 Data Analytics with R

Lists in R
• Vectors and matrices in R are two ways to work with a
collection of objects.

• Lists provide a third method. Unlike a vector or a matrix

a list can hold different kinds of objects.

• One entry in a list may be a number, while the next is a

matrix, while a third is a character string (like "Hello
R!").

• Statistical functions of R usually return the result in the

form of lists. So we must know how to unpack a list using
the $ symbol.
 Data Analytics with R

Examples of lists in R
• >x = list(name="Arun Patel",
nationality="Indian", height=5.5,
marks=c(95,45,80))
• >names(x)
• >x$name

• >x$hei #abbreviations are OK

• >x$marks
• >x$m[2]
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Data frame in R
• A data frame is more general than a matrix, in that different
columns can have different modes (numeric, character, factor, etc.).
• >d <- c(1,2,3,4)
• >e <- c("red", "white", "red", NA)
• >f <- c(TRUE,TRUE,TRUE,FALSE)
• >myframe <- data.frame(d,e,f)
• >names(myframe) <- c("ID","Color","Passed") # Variable names
• >myframe
• >myframe[1:3,] # Rows 1 , 2, 3 of data frame
• >myframe[,1:2] # Col 1, 2 of data frame
• >myframe[c("ID","Color")] #Columns ID and color from data frame
• >myframe$ID # Variable ID in the data frame
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Factors in R
• In R we can make a variable is nominal by making it a factor.

• The factor stores the nominal values as a vector of integers in the range [ 1... k]
(where k is the number of unique values in the nominal variable).

• An internal vector of character strings (the original values) mapped to these

integers.

• # Example: variable gender with 20 "male" entries and

# 30 "female" entries
>gender <- c(rep("male",20), rep("female", 30))
>gender <- factor(gender)
# Stores gender as 20 1’s and 30 2’s
• # 1=male, 2=female internally (alphabetically)
# R now treats gender as a nominal variable
>summary(gender)
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Functions in R

• >g = function(x,y) (x+2*y)/3

• >g(1,2)
• >g(2,1)
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REFERRENCES
 Web:
 https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/ (for Windows),
 https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/ (for Mac), and
 https://cran.r-project.org/bin/linux/ (for Linux).
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/r/index.htm
 https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/#download.
 Book:
 Practical Statistics for Data Scientists: 50 Essential Concepts (Peter Bruce
and Andrew Bruce)
 Think Stats: Exploratory Data Analysis (Allen B. Downey)
 Data Analysis with R - Second Edition: A comprehensive guide to
manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing data in R (Tony Fischetti)