Week

3
I. Nature of Mathematics:
- Mathematical Language and syntax and rules
This week, - Characteristics of Mathematical Language
let us talk - Expressions vs Sentences
- Conventions in the mathematical language
about the
- Four Basic Concepts: sets, relations, functions, binary
following: operations

Engr. NORA G. YULO , MATM 111 Instructor

 Mathematical Language and Symbols Syntax and
Rules
Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written
symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express themselves. Below are some of the symbols
which are commonly used in Mathematics:

The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Operations: +, – , X, Variables: a, b , c, x, y
Set Notations: N, W, Z, Q,
Sets: , , , ,
R
Special symbols: =, , <, >, , , , , ,

Symbols in Logic/Connectives: , , , ,
 Mathematical Language and Symbols
Syntax and Rules

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

 Expression Sentence
VS
It can be compared to an English noun. It’s arrangement of It can be compared to an English sentence. It is a correct
mathematical object on interest is correct. It does not make arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a complete
a complete thought. thought.

It cannot be determined as true or false. It can be true or always true, false or always false, or
sometimes true or sometimes false.

The most common expression types are numbers, sets, and The most common mathematical sentences are equations and
functions. inequalities where the verb is =, < or >/

Examples: 100, A (name of set), 3(x + 12) Examples: 3 + 12 = 15 True

x = 12 Sometimes true/false
3 + 12 = 312 False
 Let’s do the following:
Identify whether the given is an expression or a sentence. If it is a
sentence, determine whether it is true or false.
1.) 3x + 12y 2.) A hexagon is a six-sided polygon.
3.) (4)(5) = 9 4.) m + a – t m
Answers:
1.) It is an expression since it does not contain =, > or <.
2.) It is a sentence. The prefix “hexa” means six and “gon” means side. Therefore, it
is a true sentence.
3.) It is a sentence since it uses =. It is a false sentence since (4)(5) is 20 and not 9.
4.) It does not contain any mathematical verb (=, > or <). Therefore, it is an
expression.
 L
Let’s try the following: A
N
G
U
Identify whether the given is an expression or a sentence. If it is a sentence, determineA
whether it is true or false. G
E
1.) 5x2 2.) A square has four sides.
3.) 4 + 3 = 12 4.) a + 1 – b x 3 of

M
A
Answers: T
H
1.) It is an expression since it does not contain a verb such as =, > or <. E
M
2.) It is a sentence. All squares have four side. Therefore, it is a true sentence.
A
3.) It is a sentence in which the verb is =. It is a false sentence since 4 + 3 is 7 and not 12.
T
4.) It does not contain any verb. Therefore, it is an expression. I
C
S
 Conventions in the Mathematical
Language
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

plus minus times divided by

added to subtracted from multiplied by quotient of

sum of difference of product of ratio of

increased by decreased by twice, thrice reciprocal of

exceeds by less, less than doubled, tripled

Conventions in the Mathematical
Language
Translate the following English phrases/sentences into
mathematical expressions/equations.
Mathematical
English Phrases/Sentences Expressions/Equations
12 more than thrice a number 3x + 12
9 less than the sum of x and y (x + y) – 9
The product of twice x and the cube of y 9 – (x + y)
z added to eight is twenty. 8 + z = 20
9 is less than the sum of x and y. 9<x+y
Translate the following english phrases/sentences into L
mathematical expressions/equation. A
N
English phrases Mathematical expressions G
5 more than twice a number U
A
3 less than the sum of a and b G
3 less the sum of a and b E
product of thrice x and the square of y
of
ratio of c minus 1 and d
M
English sentences Mathematical equations
A
m added to ten is 18. T
j exceeds k by 2. H
E
3 is less than the sum of a and b. M
5 times s is greater than or equal to15. A
T
4 subtracted from z is equal to the quotient of m and 7.
I
C
 Concepts on Sets
Set – is a collection of common objects, numbers,
letters in the alphabet, people, and any other sets.
Examples: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .}

Element – is a member of a set. It is denoted by .

Examples: 1 A 12 B

Subset – is a set in which all of its elements are found in another set.
Example: A ⊆ B since all elements of A are found in B.
B ⊄ A since there are elements in B which are not
found in A.

Cardinality – refers to the number of elements in a set. It is

denoted by n( ) where the name of the set is written inside the
parenthesis symbol.
Example: n(A) = 4 or
n(B) = or
 Concepts on Sets
Universal Set – a set that contains all elements found in the other given set/s. It
is denoted by U.
Example: C = {a, e, i, o, u} D = {j, k, l}
U = {a, e, i, j, k, l, o, u}

Empty Set – a set with no element. It is denoted by { }. This is also known as null
set, denoted by .
Note: An empty set is a subset of any set. Any set is subset of universal set.

Equal Sets – are sets with exactly the same elements.

Example: E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
F = {9, 7, 5, 3, 1}
Therefore, E = F.
Equivalent Sets – are sets with the same cardinality.
Example: G = {w, x, y, z}
H = {0, 10, 100, 1000}
Therefore, G H.
 Union of Sets
Union of Sets
The UNION of two sets is a set containing all elements that are
in both sets. For example if A= and B=, then .
Note that every A B is equal to B A.

Exercises: Given that , , and , find

the ff: Answers:
1. J A =
1.) J A 2.) Y A 2. Y A =
 Intersection of
Intersection of Sets Sets
The INTERSECTION of two given sets is the set that contains all the
elements that are common to both sets. For example if A= and B=, then .
Like union of sets, every AB is equal to BA.

Exercises: Given that , , and find the ff: 1. E F 2. DF

Answers:
1. EF = 2. DF =
 Relations and Functions
Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x, y).
Examples:
A = {(0, 1), (1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
B = {(STEM, Engineering), (ABM, Business Economics), (HUMSS, AB
Philosophy), (GAS, BS Education)}

Function – is a relation in which repetition of any element of its

domain is not allowed. “Bawal umulit si x (1st coordinate)”
Examples:
C = {(0, 0), (-1,1), (1, 1), (-2, 4), (2, 4)} is a function.
D = {(0, 0), (1, -1)), (1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2)} is not a function.
Types of Relation:
One-to-one Ex: President to country (Function)
Many-to-one Ex: Students to teacher (Function)
One-to-many Ex: Priest to mass parishioners (Not a
function)
WAYS IN PRESENTING A FUNCTION OR RELATION

Graphical method
Arrow diagram Tabular method

Order Pair
1. ARROW DIAGRAM
X Y
2 -1

5 3

9 -5

X Y
1 A

2 B

3 C
2. TABULAR METHOD

X 6 -3 3 4 5

Y 7 -3 -2 -1 0

X -2 -3 0 -2 -5

Y 5 4 3 2 8
3. GRAPHICAL METHOD

Note: If there is only one point of intersection between the

graph and vertical line test, then graph is a graph of a
function.
4. Graphical form NOT A FUNCTION,
why

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 End of
Do you have any questions? If none, you may start doing your
offline activity:
Discussion
Your Performance Task #2 is already published in CANVAS.
Apply your learned concepts on Language of Mathematics
and the concepts on sets, relations and functions.