UNIT – III

Fundamentals of C

FYBTECH Subject : Programming and Problem Solving

 Unit 3 Contents
2

◻ Introduction to C: Fundamentals of C-Programming, Data types,

Constants, Variables, Operators, Expression, Pre-processor directives.
Data Input and Output.
◻ Control Structures: Structure of C program, Coding conventions,
Decision making, Control Structures- Iterative, break and continue
statements. Array- Single and Multidimensional arrays. Strings.
 History and Features of C
3

❑Dennis Ritchie is the creator of C

⬜ Created at Bell Laboratories
❑ Portable Language
⬜ C language is machine independent. Source Code
written using C can be compiled on any machine(i.e.
platform independant)
❑Structured Language
⬜ problem is solved using a divide and conquer approach
 Program Structure
4

A sample C Program

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a; //variable declaration
--other statements
}
 Header Files
5

◻ The files that are specified in the include section is

called as header file
◻ These are precompiled files that has some functions
defined in them
◻ The functions can be called in the program by
supplying parameters
◻ Header file is given an extension .h
◻ C Source file is given an extension .c
 What is the purpose of header file in C?
6

◻ A header file is a file with extension .h which

contains C function declarations and macro
definitions to be shared between several
source files.
◻ Header file is used in the program by including it,
with the C preprocessing directive ' #include '.
 Main Function
7

◻ This is the entry point of a program

◻ When a file is executed, the start point is the
main function
◻ From main function the flow goes as per the
programmers choice.
◻ There may or may not be other functions
written by user in a program
◻ Main function is compulsory for any c
program
 Writing the first program
8

#include<stdio.h> header file

int main() main function
{
printf(“Hello”);
return 0;
}

◻ This program prints Hello on the screen when we

execute it
 Running a C Program
9

◻ Type a program
◻ Save it
◻ Compile the program – This will generate an
exe file (executable)
◻ Run the program (Actually the exe created out
of compilation will run and not the .c file)
◻ In different compiler we have different option
for compiling and running. We give only the
concepts.
 Comments
10

❑ Comments are used to document programs and improve readability

❑ In C a comment will start with /* and ends with */
Syntax: /* Comments */
//This is a single line comment
/* This is a multi line
comment in C */
/****************************************************
* This style of commenting is used for functions
****************************************************/
◻ Only C style comments should be used
 Indentation of Code
11

◻ Indentation is the practice by Software Engineers to use spaces or tabs

consistently in every line of code to group lines together based on their
scope for easy readability
◻ An indented code looks better and can be understood easily
◻ The code in any line should not exceed 80 columns

Compiler and Linker Errors

◻ If a program does not follow the syntax of a language then the compiler
raises errors
Example: Missing semicolon
◻ When the linker is not able to find a piece of code the linker errors are
generated
Example: Variable or function referenced, but not defined anywhere in code
 Data Types
12

◻ Data types determine the following:

❑ Type of data stored
❑ Number of bytes it occupies in memory
❑ Range of data
❑ Operations that can be performed on the data
◻ C supports the following data types:
⬜ int – for storing whole numbers
⬜ char – for storing character values, represents a single character
⬜ float – for storing fractional values
⬜ double – for storing fractional values
Note: float can store up to 6 digits of precision
double can store up to 12 digits of precision
 Data Type
13

◻ C supports the following modifiers along with data

types:
⬜ short
⬜ long
⬜ signed
⬜ unsigned
 Range of Data Types
14

Note: Number of bytes and range given to each data type is platform
dependent
 Data Types in C
15
 Constants
16

❑ A Constant is a value that never changes during

program execution.

❑ Constants are given name and are referred by the

given name.

Ex. PI=3.142
 Variables
17

Hold the data in your program

❑ A variable is an entity that can change during program
execution
Rules for Variable Names
❑ The first character in variable name must be an alphabet
❑ No other special character except underscore is allowed
❑ No blanks or commas are allowed
❑ Variable names are case sensitive
❑ Keywords cannot be used as variable names
Syntax : datatype varname;
 Variables (cont’d)
18

Ex :
int a; //-----variable declaration

int a=10; //----var definition

amount_in$ Which of these

2many variable names are
if valid ones?
iTotal
 Variables
19

◻ Variables are data that will keep on changing

◻ Declaration
<<Data type>> <<variable name>>;
int a;
◻ Definition
<<varname>>=<<value>>;
a=10;
◻ Usage
<<varname>>
a=a+1; //increments the value of a by 1
 Declaration of Variables
20
 Keywords
21

◻ Keywords are predefined, reserved words used in

programming that have special meanings to the
compiler.
◻ Keywords are part of the syntax and they cannot
be used as an identifier.
 Standard ANSI C Keywords
22

auto if
break int
case long
char register
const return
continue short
default signed
do sizeof
double static
else struct
enum switch
extern typedef
float union
for unsigned
goto void
volatile while
 Operators In C
23

◻ Assignment operator ( = )
◻ Arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, /, % )
◻ Relational operators ( >, >=, <, <=, == , != )
◻ Logical operators ( !, &&, || )
◻ Address operator ( & )
◻ Increment and Decrement operators ( ++, -- )
◻ Compound Assignment Operators ( =, +=, -=, /=, *=, %= )
◻ sizeof operator
 Use of Modulus (%) Operator
24

◻ Used to find the remainder after integer division

◻ The operands that are supplied to this operator should always be integers
◻ The operator returns an integer value
◻ Using ‘float’ for any of the operands will result in a compiler error
Example:
Remainder = Number % 4 ;
If the variable ‘Number’ has a value 21, then the resultant value in
‘Remainder’ will be 1
 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators
25

Operator Priority
* , / and % Highest
+ and - Lowest
The expression that is written within parenthesis is given highest priority

Evaluate the following expression:

Using a = 5, b = 3, c = 8 and d = 7
b + c / 2 – (d * 4) % a
b+c/2– 28 %a
b+ 4 – 28 %a
b+ 4 – 3
7 – 3
4
 Relational Operators
26

◻ Used to compare two values and also called as comparison operators

◻ Expressions that contain relational operators are called as relational
expressions
◻ A relational operator returns either zero or a non-zero value
◻ If the expression is true then it returns a non-zero value (>0)
◻ If the expression is false then it returns zero
•Example:
1500 > 700 returns 1 (true)
1500 < 700 returns 0 (false)
 Logical Operators
27

◻ Used to combine two or more relational expressions

◻ An expression involving logical operators is called as a logical expression
 Increment and Decrement Operators
28

◻ Operators ++ and -- are called as increment and decrement operators

◻ These operators increment or decrement the variable’s value by 1
◻ They are also called as unary operators because they have only one
operand to operate
◻ If the operator is used before the operand, it is prefix and if the operator is
used after the operand, it is postfix
Example:
++ Value and -- Value is called as prefix
Value++ and Value-- is called as postfix
 Difference Between Prefix and Postfix
29

◻ Prefix operator first increments / decrements and then makes the assignment
Example:
int iValue;
int iResult;
iValue = 5;
iResult = ++iValue;

◻ Post fix operator makes the assignment and then increments/decrements the
Value
Example:
int iValue;
int iResult;
iValue = 5;
iResult = iValue++;
 Address of Operator
30

◻ Ampersand (&) is the “address of” operator

◻ It is used to fetch the memory address of a variable
 Preprocessor Directives
31

❑ Before a C program is compiled in a compiler, source code is processed by a program

called preprocessor i.e preprocessor executes before a program is compiled . This
process is called preprocessing. The preprocessor works on the source code.
❑ Commands used in preprocessor are called preprocessor directives and they begin
with “#” symbol.
Preproces Syntax/Description
sor
Macro Syntax: #define
This macro defines constant value and can be any of
the basic data types.

Header file Syntax: #include <file_name>

inclusion The source code of the file “file_name” is included in
the main program at the specified place.

Conditional Syntax: #ifdef, #endif, #if, #else, #ifndef

compilation Set of commands are included or excluded in source
program before compilation with respect to the
condition.
Other Syntax: #undef, #pragma
directives #undef is used to undefine a defined macro variable.
#Pragma is used to call a function before and after
 Preprocessor Directives
32

❑ A program in C language involves into different processes.

 Formatted Input: scanf( )
33

Read input from screen (standard input)

Syntax
scanf(“format Specifier-list”,&variable-1, &variable-2,…………………);
Example
void main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“Enter a number”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
printf(“ No is :%d”,a);
}
 Formatted Output Using printf
34

Writes onto screen (standard output)

Syntax
printf(“Conversion Specifier-list”,variable-1, variable-2,…………………);
 Formatted Output Using printf (cont’d)
35

Example:
int EmployeeId = 1001;
double Salary = 7600.00;
printf(“Employee Id %d” , EmployeeId);
printf(“Salary %lf”, Salary);
 Formatted Output Using printf (cont’d)
36

◻ An escape sequence is interpreted to have a special meaning in the screen

output
◻ All the escape sequences must be preceded by a back slash (\)
◻ Escape sequences are non printable characters
◻ Escape sequences are generally used with ‘printf’ function
 Formatted Output Using printf (cont’d)
37

Example:
int EmployeeId = 1001;
double Salary = 7600.00;
printf(“Employee Id %d\n”, EmployeeId);
printf(“Salary %lf\n”, Salary);
 Declaring and Using Character Variables
38

Syntax:
char variablename1, variablename2,….;
Example:
char Alphabet;
char Status, Number ;
◻ The value can be assigned by enclosing it in a single quote (‘ ‘)

Example: Alphabet = ‘W’; Status = ‘y’;

◻ A character variable can be assigned with a numeric value by directly
assigning a number
Example:
Number = 77;
◻ The above statement can also be written as Number = ‘M’;
 The ASCII Character Set
39

◻ Character data is represented in a computer by using

standardized numeric codes which have been developed.
◻ The most widely accepted code is called the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII).
◻ The ASCII code associates an integer value for each symbol
in the character set, such as letters, digits, punctuation marks,
special characters, and control characters.
◻ ASCII value for capital A is 65, B is 66,………., Z is 90.
◻ ASCII value for small a is 97, b is 98,…………, z is 122.
 Printing a character on screen
40

◻ For printing characters, ‘%c’ conversion specifier is

used in ‘printf’
Example:
char Alphabet = ‘N’;
printf (“%c”, Alphabet);
The above code is same as:
char Alphabet = 78;
printf (“%c”, Alphabet);
 Control Structures
41

Selectional Control Structures

◻ There are two selectional control structures
◻ If statement
◻ Switch statement
Simple if Statement
◻ In a simple ‘if’ statement, a condition is tested
◻ If the condition is true, a set of statements are executed
◻ If the condition is false, the statements are not executed and the program
◻ control goes to the next statement that immediately follows if block
Example
if (Duration >= 3)
{ RateOfInterest = 6.0; }
 If-else Statement
42

else Statement
◻ In simple ‘if’ statement, when the condition is true, a set of statements are
executed. But when it is false, there is no alternate set of statements
◻ The statement ‘else’ provides the same
Syntax:
if (testExpression)
{
// codes inside the body of if
}
else
{
// codes inside the body of else
}
 If-else Statement (Cont’d)
43

else Statement
Example:
if (Duration >= 3) {
RateOfInterest = 6.0;
}
else {
RateOfInterest = 5.5;
}
else if Statement
◻ The ‘else if’ statement is to check for a sequence of conditions
◻ When one condition is false, it checks for the next condition and so on
◻ When all the conditions are false the ‘else’ block is executed
◻ The statements in that conditional block are executed and the other ‘if’ statements
are skipped
 Nested if Statement
44

Syntax:
Nested if Statement
if (condition-1)
• An ‘if’ statement embedded within another ‘if’
{
statement is called as nested ‘if’
Statement 1;
• Example:
if (condition-2)
if (iDuration > 6 )
{
{
Statement 2;
if (dPrincipalAmount > 25000)
}
{
else
printf(“Your percentage of incentive is 4%”);
{
}
Statement n;
else
}
{
}
printf(“Your percentage of incentive is 2%”);
else {
}}
Statement x;
else {
}
printf(“No incentive”);
Next Statement;
}
 Example
45

/* Program to check whether an integer entered by the user is odd or even */

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&number);
/* True if remainder is 0*/
if( number%2 == 0 )
printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
else
printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
return 0;
}
 switch case Statement
46

◻ The ‘switch’ statement is a selection control structure that selects a choice

from the set of available choices.
◻ It is very similar to ‘if’ statement.
◻ But ‘switch’ statement cannot replace ‘if’ statement in all situations.
Syntax:
int n;
switch (n)
{
case 1: // code to be executed if n = 1;
break;
case 2: // code to be executed if n = 2;
break;
default: // code to be executed if n doesn't match any cases
}
 switch case Example
47
/*Following is a simple program to demonstrate syntax of switch.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int x =2;
switch (x)
{
case 1: printf("Choice is 1");
break;
case 2: printf("Choice is 2");
break;
case 3: printf("Choice is 3");
break;
default: printf("Choice other than 1, 2 and 3");

}
}
Output: Choice is 2
48
 Iterational Control Structures
49

◻ Iterational (repetitive) control structures are used to repeat

certain statements for a specified number of times
◻ The statements are executed as long as the condition is true
◻ These kind of control structures are also called as loop
control structures
◻ Three kinds of loop control structures are:
⬜ while
⬜ do while
⬜ for
 while Loop Control Structure
50

◻ A ‘while’ loop is used to repeat certain statements as long as the condition is true
◻ When the condition becomes false, the ‘while’ loop is quitted
◻ This loop control structure is called as an entry-controlled loop because, only
when the condition is true, are the statements executed
Syntax:
while (condition)
{
Set of statements;
}
Next Statement;
Example:
unsigned int Count = 1;
while (Count <= 3)
{
printf(“%d\n”,Count);
}
 What is the output of the following code?
51

Example 1 Example 2
unsigned int Count=3; int Count = 0;
while (Count<=5) while(Count<=10)
{ {
printf(“%u\n”,Count); printf(“\n MITWPU”);
Count++; Count++;
} }
 do while Loop Control Structure
52

◻ The ‘do while’ loop is very similar to ‘while’ loop. In ‘do while’ loop, the
condition is tested at the end of the loop.
◻ Because of this, even when the condition is false, the body of the loop is
executed at least once.
◻ This is an exit-controlled loop.
Syntax:
do
{
Set of statement(s);
} while (condition);
Next Statement;
 do while Loop Control Structure Example
53

int Number, Sum = 0;

do {
printf(“Enter a number. Type 0(zero) to end the
input ”);
scanf(“%d”,&Number);
Sum = Sum + Number;
} while (Number != 0);
 Difference between while and do while loops
54
 for Loop Control Structure
55

◻ The ‘for’ loops are similar to the other loop control structures
◻ The ‘for’ loops are generally used when certain statements have to be
executed a specific number of times
◻ Advantage of for loops:
⬜ All the three parts of a loop (initialization, condition , increment) can be
given in a single statement
⬜ Because of this, there is no chance of user missing out initialization or
increment steps which is the common programming error in ‘while’ and ‘do
while’ loops
Syntax:
for (Initialization; Termination-Condition; Increment-Step)
{
Set of statement(s);
}
Next Statement;
 for Loop Control Structure (cont’d)
56

Example:
int Count;
for (int Count = 1; Count <= 5; Count++)
{
printf(“%d\n”,Count);
}
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
 What is the output of the following code?
57

int Num;
int Counter;
int Product;
for(Counter=1; Counter<= 3; Counter++)
{
Product = Product * Counter;
}
printf("%d", Product);

The output is a junk value -- WHY???

 What is the output of the following code?
58

for(int Count=0;Count<10;Count++);
{
printf("%d\n",Count);
}

The output is 10
 for and while loops
59

Rewrite it using while statement

Given Sum=0,Ctr=0;
int sum,Ctr=0;
while(Ctr<10)
for(int Sum=0,Ctr=0;Ctr<10;Ctr=Ctr+1)
{
{
scanf(“%d”,&Num);
scanf(“%d”,&Num);
Sum=Sum+Num;
Sum=Sum+Num;
Ctr=Ctr+1;
}
}
printf(“%d”,Sum);
printf(”%d”,Sum);
 Nested Loops
60

◻ A loop with in another loop is called as nested loop.

Example:
while (flag==1)
{
for (Count=1;Count<=10;Count++)
{
statements;
}
}
 Quitting the Loops – break Statement
61

The break statement is used to:

◻ Force the termination of a loop.
◻ When a break statement is encountered in a loop, the loop
terminates immediately and the execution resumes the next
statement following the loop.
Note:
◻ Break statement can be used in an if statement only when the
if statement is written in a loop
◻ Just an if statement with break leads to compilation error in C
 What is the output of the following code?
62

int Counter1=0;
int Counter2;
while(Counter1 < 3) {
for (Counter2 = 0; Counter2 < 5; Counter2++) {
printf("%d\t",Counter2);
if (Counter2 == 2){
break;
}
}
printf("\n");
Counter1 += 1;
} 0 1 2 is printed 3 times
 Continuing the Loops - continue Statement
63

◻ ‘continue’ statement forces the next iteration of the loop to take place and skips the
code between continue statement and the end of the loop
◻ In case of for loop, continue makes the execution of the increment portion of the
statement and then evaluates the conditional part.
◻ In case of while and do-while loops, continue makes the conditional statement to
be executed.
Example:
int count;
for( Count = 0 ; Count < 10; Count++) {
if (Count == 4) {
continue;
}
printf(“%d\n”, Count);
} The above code displays numbers from 1 to 9 except 4.
 Terminating the program using exit() function
64

◻ The function ‘exit’ is used to quit the program.

◻ Terminates the program and returns the status code to the
operating system.
◻ This function is defined in ‘stdlib.h’ header file.
Syntax:
exit(int status);
exit(0);
◻ The status code zero indicates that the program completed
successfully.
◻ If there is a failure any other code has to be returned.
 Comparison of break, continue and exit
65
 Practice Programs
66
if - else statement
1. Create a program that prints a Student is passed(if marks>=40) or failed.
2. Check the entered character whether it is vowel or consonant.
switch statement
1. Check the entered character whether it is vowel or consonant.
2. Write a program that calculates the area of circle, area of triangle, area of square using
switch statement.
while loop control structure
1. Write a program that calculates the sum of the digits of a entered number and display the
sum.
2. Write a program to print the output like:
*
**
***
****
*****
 Source code of printing “* “
67

void main()
{
int i,j; for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
int space=4; {
//run loop (parent loop) till number of rows printf("* ");
for(i=0;i< 5;i++) }
{ printf("\n");
//loop for initially space, before star space--; // decrement one space after one
printing row
for(j=0;j< space;j++) }
{ }
printf(" ");
}
 Arrays in C
68

◻ An array is a set of elements of same datatype.

◻ Each variable in an array is called an array element.
◻ All the elements are of same type, but may contain
different values.
◻ The entire array is contiguously stored in memory.
◻ The position of each array element is known as
array index or subscript.
◻ An integer array looks like this:
 Declaring Arrays
69

❑ An array is a set of elements of same datatype.

❑ Each variable in an array is called an array element.
❑ All the elements are of same type, but may contain different
values.

❑ In C, an array can be of any basic data type.

❑ Example: int a[6]; //single or one dimensional array

float Salary[6];
 Contd…
70

❑The array index starts with zero.

❑The valid array indexes for the above declared

array is 0 to 5.

❑ When an array is declared without initializing

it, the elements have unknown (garbage)
values.
 Memory Representation of an Integer
71
Array
Declaring and Initializing Arrays
72

◻ Arrays can be initialized as they are declared.

◻ Example:
int aiEmployeeNumbers[ ] = {15090, 15091,
15092, 15093,15094, 15095};

◻ The size in the above case is optional and it is

automatically computed.

◻ In the above example size of the array is 6 and it

occupies 6 * 4 = 24 bytes.
 Using Array Elements
73

◻ An array can be accessed by giving the respective index.

◻ Syntax:
ArrayName[index]
◻ Example:
float afSalaries[6]; /* Declare an array of six floats */
afSalaries[0] = 12500.00; /* Assign a value to element at
index 0 */
afSalaries[1] = 15000.00; /* Assign a value to element at
index 1 */
...
afSalaries[5] = 25000.00; /* Assign a value to element at
index 5 */
 Contd…
74

◻ /* Print the salary at array index 0 */

◻ printf (“Salary at Index 0 is %f \n”,
afSalaries[0]);
◻ Arrays can also be referenced as
index[ArrayName].
◻ The statement 5[afSalaries] is a valid
statement.
 Arrays and Loops
75

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
#define ARRAYSIZE 10

int aiArray[ARRAYSIZE],iCount; //int aiArray[10];

for (iCount = 0; iCount < ARRAYSIZE; iCount++)

{ printf(“Enter %d element”,iCount);
scanf(“%d”,&aiArray[iCount]);
}
for (iCount = 0; iCount < ARRAYSIZE; iCount++)
{
printf(“Element in %d position %d”,iCount,aiArray[iCount]);
}
return 0;
}
 Multi dimensional Arrays:
76

❑ The array has two subscripts. One subscript denotes the row
& the other the column. The declaration of two dimension
arrays is as follows:
❑ int arr[2][3];

❑ Syntax :

data_type array_name[row_size][column_size];
int m[10][20];

❑ Here m is declared as a matrix having 10 rows( numbered from 0 to 9)

and 20 columns(numbered 0 through 19). The first element of the matrix
is m[0][0] and the last row last column is m[9][19] .
 Initialization Of Multidimensional Arrays
77

Like the one dimension arrays, 2 dimension arrays may be initialized by

following their declaration with a list of initial values enclosed in braces.
◻ Example:
int table[2][3]={0,0,0,1,1,1};
OR
int table[2][3]={{0,0,0},{1,1,1}}
int first[3][4] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};
int second[3][4] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11}; //a clearer definition than
the first
int third[][5] = {0,1,2,3,4}; /* third[] only has one index of 1 */
◻ int fourth[][6] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}; /* fourth[] has 2 indices - 0 or
1 */
 Multidimensional Arrays
#include<stdio.h>
78
int main(){
int arr[2][2]; // Two-dimensional array declaration
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<2; i++) {
for(j=0;j<2;j++) {
printf("Enter value for arr[%d][%d]:", i, j);
scanf("%d", &arr[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Two Dimensional array elements:\n"); //Displaying array elements
for(i=0; i<2; i++) {
for(j=0;j<2;j++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
 Strings
79

◻ “A string is a series of characters in a group that occupy contiguous

memory or String is an array of character.”
◻ Example: “My Training”
“Fundamentals of Data Structure”

◻ A string should always be enclosed with in double quotes (“)

◻ In memory, a string ends with a null character ‘\0’ and it occupies 1 byte
of memory.

◻ Space should be allocated to store ‘\0’ as part of the string

◻ C compiler automatically adds a NULL character '\0' to the character array

created.
 Declaration Of Strings
80

◻ C language does not directly support string as a data type. Hence, to

display a String in C, need to make use of a character array.

◻ char variablename [Number_of_characters ];

◻ Example: char acEmployeeName[20];

Here 20 implies that the maximum number of characters can be 19 and one
position is reserved for ‘\0’
Since a character occupies one byte, the above array occupies 20 bytes (19
bytes for the employee name and one byte for ‘\0’)
/* Declaring a string as a character array */
char acInfy[ ] = “MITWPU Pune”;
Think why ‘\0’ requires only one byte!!
 Storage Of Strings In Memory
81

char acItemCategory[15]= “Books”;

 Static Initialization of Strings
82

◻ char acItemCategory[15]=“Greeting Cards”;

◻ In the above declaration, the size of the array is specified
according to the number of characters in the string. One extra
space for ‘\0’
◻ char acItemCategory[15] =“Ornaments” ;
◻ Here the size is more than the number of characters which is
valid.
◻ char acItemCategory[ ]=“Groceries”;
◻ Here the size of the array is computed automatically which is
10. Total number of characters in the string is 9 and 1 for ‘\0’;
 Contd…
83

◻ char acItemCategory[3]=“Books”;
◻ Here the size specified is 3. But the number of characters in
the string is 5. This is invalid.
◻ char acItemCategory[ ]={'s','t','a','t','i','o','n','a','r','y','\0'};
◻ Here the character constants are supplied to initialize the
string.
Reading and Printing Strings -
Example
84

◻ /*Program to accept Item Category and display*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ char str[15]; //character array declaration
printf("Enter the category code: ");
scanf("%s",str);
printf("The given Item Category is %s", str);
return 0;
}
 String Handling Functions
85

◻ The following are the string built-in functions that

are supported by C
strlen() strcpy() strcat() strcmp()
◻ These functions are defined in string.h header file.
◻ All these functions take either a character pointer or a
character array as an argument.
 strlen() Function
86

◻ strlen() function is used to count the number of

characters in the string. Counts all the characters
excluding the null character ‘\0’
◻ Syntax:
size_t strlen (const char* s);
◻ The strlen() function is defined in <string.h>
header file.
 Contd…
87

◻ Example:
strlen(“Programming Fundamentals”);
/*returns 24*/
strlen(acItemCategory);
◻ returns the number of characters in the character
array ‘acItemCategory’
 Example: C strlen() function
88

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char a[20]="Program";
char b[20]={'P','r','o','g','r','a','m','\0'};
char c[20];
printf("Enter string: ");
gets(c); //scanf(“%s”,c);
printf("Length of string a = %d \n",strlen(a));

//calculates the length of string before null charcter.

printf("Length of string b = %d \n",strlen(b));

printf("Length of string c = %d \n",strlen(c));
return 0; }
 strcpy() Function
89

◻ strcpy() function is used to copy one string to

another
◻ Syntax:
strcpy (Dest_String , Source_String);
◻ Here Dest_string should always be variable
◻ Source_String can be a variable or a string constant
 Contd…
90

◻ The previous contents of Dest_String, if any, will be over

written
◻ Example:
char acCourseName[40];
strcpy(acCourseName , “C Programming”);
◻ Now acCourseName will get the value “C Programming”
 Example: C strcpy()
91

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char str1[10]= "awesome";
char str2[10];
char str3[10];
strcpy(str2, str1); //function
call
strcpy(str3, "well");
puts(str2);
puts(str3);
return 0;
}
 strcat() Function
92

◻ strcat() function is used to concatenate (Combine) two

strings
◻ Syntax:
strcat( Dest_String_Variable , Source_String ) ;
◻ In this, the Destination should be a variable and
Source_String can either be a string constant or a
variable.
◻ The contents of Dest_String is concatenated with
Source_String contents and the resultant string is stored
into Dest_String variable.
 Contd…
93

◻ Example:
◻ char acTraineeFpCourse [50] = “The course is “;
◻ strcat(acTraineeFpCourse,”Oracle 8i”);
◻ The resultant string in acTraineeFPCourse will be
◻ “The course is Oracle 8i”
 Example: C strcat() function
94

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char str1[] = "This is", str2[] = "MIT-WPU";
//concatenates str1 and str2 and resultant string is stored in str1.
strcat(str1,str2);
puts(str1);
puts(str2);
return 0;
}
 strcmp() Function
95

◻ strcmp() function is used to compare two strings

◻ This is case sensitive
◻ Syntax:
int strcmp( String1 , String2 )
◻ Here both String1 and String2 can either be a variable or a
string constant
◻ strcmp() function returns an integer value.
 Contd…
96

◻ If strings are equal it returns zero

◻ If the first string is alphabetically greater than the second
string then it returns a positive value.
◻ If the first string is alphabetically less than the second string
then it returns a negative value.
◻ Example:
strcmp(“My Work”, “My Job”) returns a positive value.
 Contd…
97

◻ If strings are equal it returns zero

◻ If the first string is alphabetically greater than the second
string then it returns a positive value.
◻ If the first string is alphabetically less than the second string
then it returns a negative value.
◻ Example:
◻ strcmp(“My Work”, “My Job”) returns a positive value
 Example: C strcmp() function
98

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str1[] = "abcd", str2[] = "abCd", str3[] = "abcd";
int result;

// comparing strings str1 and str2

result = strcmp(str1, str2);
printf("strcmp(str1, str2) = %d\n", result);
// comparing strings str1 and str3
result = strcmp(str1, str3);
printf("strcmp(str1, str3) = %d\n", result);
return 0;
}