The annual energy consumption of the HVAC system is 54,000 kWh. Improving efficiency by 20% could save 10,800 kWh annually. The current lighting consumes 72,000 kWh annually, and switching to LED at 25W could save 43,200 kWh. Total annual water use is 438,000 kl. Improving cooling system efficiency by 15% could save 17,400 kl water annually.
The annual energy consumption of the HVAC system is 54,000 kWh. Improving efficiency by 20% could save 10,800 kWh annually. The current lighting consumes 72,000 kWh annually, and switching to LED at 25W could save 43,200 kWh. Total annual water use is 438,000 kl. Improving cooling system efficiency by 15% could save 17,400 kl water annually.
The annual energy consumption of the HVAC system is 54,000 kWh. Improving efficiency by 20% could save 10,800 kWh annually. The current lighting consumes 72,000 kWh annually, and switching to LED at 25W could save 43,200 kWh. Total annual water use is 438,000 kl. Improving cooling system efficiency by 15% could save 17,400 kl water annually.
The annual energy consumption of the HVAC system is 54,000 kWh. Improving efficiency by 20% could save 10,800 kWh annually. The current lighting consumes 72,000 kWh annually, and switching to LED at 25W could save 43,200 kWh. Total annual water use is 438,000 kl. Improving cooling system efficiency by 15% could save 17,400 kl water annually.
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Energy Audit of Buildings
Maximize Use of Natural Energy Flow
Key elements describing passive design are discussed here:
Orientation of Building Orienting a building in the proper direction will have passive heating and cooling in all weather and helps reduce energy bills. A building should have minimum exposure in south and west directions to reduce direct heat load from sunrays for Indian latitudes and longitudes falling in hot regions.
Insulation is selected based on several criteria like lifespan, cost, applicable temperature range, weather effect, etc. Some building materials like concrete, brick, etc., serve the purpose of insulation. They also average day and night temperature difference, and thereby increase comfort at reduced energy cost.
Skylights use of daylight is the ideal source in terms of quality.
Energy Audit of Buildings Envelop Heat Gain
Key elements describing passive design are discussed here:
Select high-performance glazing with low U light transmittance.
Use hollow blocks, fly-ash bricks and autoclaved aerated concrete blocks as insulation bricks to reduce heat ingress.
Select and use proper insulation material on sun-facing walls and roofs.
Consider window shades, venetian blinds (window blinds), or tree plantations outside the building to reduce direct heat gain. . Energy Audit of Buildings Equipment Selection Use Chillers/AC/motors/Pumps with maximum performance and high star ratings Use variable-frequency drives for ventilation fans, pumps, etc. Select and locate the cooling tower to perform at its best. Use heat-recovery wheels, heat-pipe-based heat-recovery systems, and economizers in HVAC units. Take maximum advantage of time of day tariff (pumping of water during night hours to reduce daytime electricity consumption). Install wind curtains on all openings. Install occupancy sensors on escalators to avoid continuous running. Adopt building-management system for effective control of equipment. Select and use CFC-free refrigerant in HVAC equipment, which has minimum ozone depletion potential Different climate zones in india Energy Audit of Buildings Energy Audit of Buildings Energy Audit of Buildings Cool Roof-Use of white coloured china mosaic tiles or white cement tiles also reduces solar radiation received by buildings. Co-ordination Between Designer and Developer HVAC Sizing and Number of Lightings Efficient use of water Adopt Solar Water Heating Promote Use of Decentralized Power Plants Improving Air-tightness Installing continuous vapour retarders on walls and ceilings. Blocking holes, cracks, and open surfaces. Proper sealing around windows and doors. Proper sealing around pipeworks and ductworks. Energy-saving Measures in Existing Buildings • The list of information to be collected by an audit team is listed below: • Building plan and HVAC layout. • Energy cost and tariff data. • Type of chiller, capacity, and operating pattern. • Details of fan, pump, pipework, ductwork, etc. • Occupancy with respect to time and day. • Various equipment and systems installed. • Type and numbers of luminaries and their control mechanisms. • Power distribution and transformer details. • Details of lift, escalators, and their operating hours • Assesment of various parameters COP • The efficiency parameters are expressed as the coefficient of performance (COP) given by
• The COP depends on several factors like load and humidity
Absorption chillers WATER AUDIT • Like energy audit, water audit is also a part of energy assessment of an existing building. • It is an assessment of the capacity of total water produced by the governing authority and actual quantity of water distributed throughout the assessment area (e.g., town, municipal corporation area, township, etc.). • The difference between the two is known as nonrevenue water or unaccounted water. Water-audit Methodology • Part A: Planning and Preparation • Part B: Verification • Part C: Data Collection • Part D: Analysis GENERAL ENERGY-SAVING TIPS APPLICABLE TO NEW AS WELL AS EXISTING BUILDINGS • Use solar control glass to restrict solar radiation to pour through glazing. They permit light and restrict radiation from entering the building and, thereby keep the building-temperature low • Keep high-heat-generation processes away from the building or use exhaust/ventilation fans for them • Some locations have a big difference in day and night temperatures. It is advisable to use high thermal mass material (concrete, bricks, tiles, etc.) in such locations, as they are able to keep the building warm during winter nights and cold during summer days. • Replace outdated thermostats with programmable ones • Use of CFL bulbs • Use low flow faucets and showerheads to save water. • Use indoor plants as they add oxygen to the atmosphere and eliminate harmful volatile organic compounds • Use on-demand hot-water heaters instead of storage-type hot-water heaters • Encourage the use of electric vehicles in township, campus, etc., and provide electric vehicle-charging facility • Promote use of solar, wind, biogas, and biomass energy to reduce burden on the utility. GENERAL ENERGY-SAVING TIPS APPLICABLE TO NEW AS WELL AS EXISTING BUILDINGS • Encourage continuous monitoring of energy performance. Keep high-heat-generation processes away from the building or use exhaust/ventilation fans for them. • In case of residential and hospital buildings, segregate waste (dry, wet, paper, plastic, and e-waste separately. Identify the scope of recycling green waste in the campus. • Use low SHGC material in window glass. An SHGC of 0.3 indicates that the window allows 30% of solar radiation to pass across the window glass. • Avoid acrylic paints or wallpaper, instead use natural paints or low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) paints. Consider a commercial building with the following specifications: • Total Floor Area: 15,000 square meters • HVAC System: • Rated Power Consumption: 180 kW • Operating Hours: 10 hours per day • Operational Days: 250 days per year • Lighting System: • Total Number of Fluorescent Bulbs: 500 • Power Consumption per Bulb: 40 watts • Operating Hours: 12 hours per day • Operational Days: 300 days per year • Water Consumption: • Cooling System: 120,000 liters per day • Restrooms: 50,000 liters per day • Landscaping: 30,000 liters per day • Operational Days: 250 days per year • Tasks: • HVAC System Analysis : a. Calculate the annual energy consumption of the HVAC system. b. Suggest and calculate the potential energy savings if the HVAC system's efficiency can be improved by 20%. • Lighting Efficiency Improvement : a. Calculate the total annual energy consumption for the current lighting system. b. Propose an energy-efficient LED lighting system that consumes only 25 watts per bulb. Calculate the potential energy savings per year if the LED system is implemented. • Water Efficiency Measures : a. Calculate the total annual water consumption for the building. b. Suggest one water-saving measure for the building's cooling system and calculate the potential annual water savings by 15% if implemented.
