 Previous trade routes to the east had now

been blocked by the Ottoman Turks in

Constantinople
 1450, series of voyages and explorations
by sea led by Spain and Portugal
 For trade mostly but also for the discovery
of more lands
 Warfare was changed by the invention of gunpowder
 This brought about the need for a new building type
 Printing by Movable Types
 Led to the mass production of books
 Contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge
 Several Christian thinkers challenged and attacked the beliefs,
customs, power and wealth of the Catholic Church
 Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England
 Martin Luther and John Calvin
 Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom
had begun to crumble
 Increased understanding of Science and the Arts
 Medicine and Astronomy
 Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius
 Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values, literary,
artistic forms and architectural forms
 "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
 The Renaissance movement created a break
in the evolution of European church architecture
 Departure from Gothic, with the employment
of Classic Roman “Orders of Architecture”
 Byzantine structural and decorative practices , instead of Gothic, were
interwoven with those from Roman and Romanesque succession
 Places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity
of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical
antiquity and in particular ancient roman architecture
 Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters, & lintels, as well as the
use of semicircular arches, hemispherical dome, niches, & aedicule
replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles
of medieval buildings.
 Early Renaissance
 Period of learning
 Designers were intent on the accurate
transcription of Roman elements
 High Renaissance or Proto-Baroque
 Renaissance became an individual
style in its own right
 Purist or Palladian, where Roman
tradition was held in high respect
(represented by Andrea Palladio)
 Proto-Baroque, where there was more
confidence in using the acquired vocabulary
freely (represented by Michelangelo)
 High Renaissance or Proto-Baroque
 Mannerist, where practices which
had no Roman precedent were
interspersed with the usual
buildings, or entire buildings were
conceived in a non-Roman way
 Mannerists used architectural
elements in a free, decorative and
illogical way, unsanctioned by
antique precedent
 Giant Order by Michelangelo
large pilaster that stretches from the
bottom to the top of a façade
 Baroque
 Architects worked with freedom and firmly-
acquired knowledge
 The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive
style began to emerge
 Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and
the minor arts being used in harmony to produce
the unified whole
 Rococo
 Style which is primarily French in origin
 Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and
crimped shells
 Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
 Light in color and weight
Palladian Architecture was logical, staid and
serene
Proto-Baroque Architecture was vivid, virile and
intense
Baroque Architecture was dramatic, rich, grand
and alive
Rococo Architecture was a profusion and
confusion of detail, presenting a lavish display of
decoration
 Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan -
central, chief powers of Italy
 Medici family - founded by
Giovanni de Medici, who was a
commercial and political power
 Vitality of social life at every level
 Artists, who excelled in several arts, achieve high status in
society
 Craft guilds, with both religious and lay connotations, directed
activities of studios and workshops
 Renaissance had its birth in Florence
Palazzi
 With the development of gunpowder,
palace-type building evolved, taking
the place of fortified castles
 Built around a cortile or interior court,
like medieval cloister
 Ground floor and piano nobile
 Façade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to use of
rusticated masonry and wall angles called quoins
 Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable
 Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or boldly
protruding roof cornices
Palazzo Strozzi
 By Benedetto da Maiano for
Filippo Strozzi the elder
 Representative of the
Florentine palace of that
period
 Open cortile and piano
nobile
 Astylar exterior of uniform
rustication
 Cornice of 1/13 the height,
2.1 m projection
 Splendidly presented examples of
High Renaissance and Proto-baroque
 Famous architect is Donato Bramante

Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio

Resembling small Roman circular temple
with Tuscan columns
4.5 m internal diameter
Site where S. Peter was martyred
Designed by Donato Bramante
Dome on drum pierced with alternating
windows and shell-headed niches
S. Peter, Rome
Most important Renaissance building in Italy
With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-famous
group
120 years, outcome of the works of many architects under the
direction of the pope
S. Peter, Rome

12 Architects:

#1 – Donato Bramante

 His design was selected from
several entries in a competition
 He proposed a Greek cross plan
and a dome similar to the
Pantheon in Rome
 Foundation stone laid in 1506
Bramante’s Greek Cross Plan
S. Peter, Rome
12 Architects:

#2 – Giuliano da Sangallo

 Upon death of Julius II in
1513
#3 – Fra Giocondo

#4 – Raphael
 Proposed a Latin cross plan Raphael’s Latin Cross Plan
 Died
S. Peter, Rome

12 Architects:

#5 – Baldassare Peruzzi

 Reverted to Greek cross
 Died
#6 – Antonio da Sangallo
Sangallo’s Design
 Slightly altered plan -
extended vestibule and campanile,
and elaborated the central dome
S. Peter, Rome
12 Architects:
#7 – Michelangelo
 Undertook the project at 72
years old - present building
owes most of its outstanding
features to him
 Greek-cross plan, strengthened
dome, redesigned surrounding Michelangelo’s Greek Cross Plan
chapels
 Della Porta &
Fontana’s Dome

S. Peter, Rome
12 Architects:

#8 – Giacomo della Porta

#9 – Domenico Fontana

 Completed dome in 1590

#10 – Vignola
 Added sided cupolas
Vignola’s Side Cupola’s
 Maderno’s Nave

S. Peter, Rome
12 Architects:
#11 – Carlo Maderno
Maderno’s Plan
 Lengthened nave to
form Latin cross and
built the gigantic
facade

Maderno’s Facade
 Bernini’s Entrance Piazza

S. Peter, Rome
12 Architects:
#12 – Bernini
 Erected noble entrance piazza
198m wide with Tuscan colonnade
 Completed plan is a Latin cross Bernini’s
with an internal length of 183 m, Baldachino
width of 137 m
 At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9
m internal diameter Bernini’s
Cathedra
 Largest church in the world Petri
Country Houses
Country houses took the place
of fortified castles
Some Samples Are:
 Chateau de Justice, Rouen
 Chateau d'O, Mortre
 Chateau de Josselin
 Chateau de Blois Chateau de Chambord
Designed by an Italian,
 Chateau d'Azay-Rideau
Domenico da Cortona
 Chateau de Chenonceaux
Semi-fortified palace, most
famous in Loire district
Country Houses
Chateau de Maisons
One of the most harmonious
of all chateaux
Designed by Francois Mansart
on a symmetrical E-plan
Palaise du Louvre, Paris
Built from Francis I to
Napoleon III
Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres
constituting one of the most
imposing palaces in Europe
 Versailles Palace

Country Houses
Petit Trianon, Versailles
Designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel
for Louis XV for her long-term
mistress Madame de Pompadour
One of most superb pieces of
domestic architecture of the century

Petit Trianon South Facade Petit Trianon North Facade

Churches
Church of the Val de Grace, Paris
 Projecting portal by Francois Mansart,
 Dome by Lemercier Val de Grace, Paris

St. Gervais, Paris

Earliest wholly-classical church facade,
Designed by Salomon de Brosse

St. Gervais, Paris

St. Etienne du Mont, Paris
 Contains the shrine of St. Genevieve,
the patron saint of Paris
St. Etienne du Mont, Paris
 ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
 During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
 Establishment of Renaissance style in
England, followed Tudor architecture
 Transition style with Gothic features
and Renaissance detail
 JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)
 a continuation of the Elizabethan
style with increasing emphasis on
classical elements
like columns
 Inigo Jones may be the most famous
English architect of this period
 STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)
 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was
influenced by Italian Renaissance
 2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was
influenced by French
Renaissance

 GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD)

 being the time of Edmond Prideaux
at Prideaux Place, Padstow
 being in George II
 era of Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh,
Archer;
ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS
 Statesmen, merchants and gentry
built mansions in the countryside
to suit their positions
 E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan

 Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire

 Great hall, kitchen and office,
living rooms, grand staircase,
long gallery, withdrawing room
or solar, towers, gables, parapets,
balustrades, chimney stacks,
oriel and bay windows, Archer;
 Banqueting House

 Banqueting House, Whitehall,

 Designed by Inigo Jones
 Queen's House
 Designed by Inigo Jones
 Influenced by Palladian architecture
 being the first consciously classical Queen’s House

building to have been constructed in

Britain
 St. Paul's Cathedral, London
 Designed by Christopher Wren
 Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central
space under dome for big congregations St. Paul’s Cathedral
Georgian Houses
 Blenheim Palace, Oxford shire
 Most monumental mansion in England
 Example of central block with wings
 The only non-royal, non-episcopal country house in England to
hold the title of palace
 is unique in its combined usage as a family home, mausoleum and
national monument
 EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)
 Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms
 In Spain:
 Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its similarity
to silversmiths' work – plateria
 Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and decorative,
from the minuteness of detail
 In Portugal:
 Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD
 Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by the
voyages of discoverers
 CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD)
 Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art

 BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD)

 Classical rules disregarded
 Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant
expression, by Jose de Churriguera, (1650
to 1723 AD)

 ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)

 Returned to ancient classical models
 The Escorial, Madrid
 Austere group of buildings,
composed of the monastery,
college, church and palace
with state apartments

 The University, Salamanca

 The facade is a Plateresque
design masterpiece
 Admirable craftsmanship
 Heidelberg Castle
 Exemplifies progressive developments
of the Early Renaissance on the castle
 Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
 Great watchtower and irregular court
 Architect Juan Bautista de Toledo

 Monastery, Melk
 One of most striking Baroque
monuments
 Architect Jacob Prantauer