ENGINEERING CURVES

Part- I {Conic Sections}

ELLIPSE PARABOLA HYPERBOLA

1.Concentric Circle Method 1.Rectangle Method 1.Rectangular Hyperbola

(coordinates given)
2.Rectangle Method 2 Method of Tangents
( Triangle Method) 2 Rectangular Hyperbola
3.Oblong Method (P-V diagram - Equation given)
3.Basic Locus Method
4.Arcs of Circle Method (Directrix – focus) 3.Basic Locus Method
(Directrix – focus)
5.Rhombus Metho

6.Basic Locus Method Methods of Drawing

(Directrix – focus) Tangents & Normals
To These Curves.
 CONIC SECTIONS
ELLIPSE, PARABOLA AND HYPERBOLA ARE CALLED CONIC SECTIONS
BECAUSE
THESE CURVES APPEAR ON THE SURFACE OF A CONE
WHEN IT IS CUT BY SOME TYPICAL CUTTING PLANES.

OBSERVE
ILLUSTRATIONS
GIVEN BELOW..

Ellipse

Section Plane

la
Section Plane
Hyperbola
ab o
Through Generators Parallel to Axis.
Par

Section Plane Parallel

to end generator.
 COMMON DEFINATION OF ELLIPSE, PARABOLA & HYPERBOLA:
These are the loci of points moving in a plane such that the ratio of it’s distances
from a fixed point And a fixed line always remains constant.
The Ratio is called ECCENTRICITY. (E)
A) For Ellipse E<1
B) For Parabola E=1
C) For Hyperbola E>1

Refer Problem nos. 6. 9 & 12

SECOND DEFINATION OF AN ELLIPSE:-
It is a locus of a point moving in a plane
such that the SUM of it’s distances from TWO fixed points
always remains constant.
{And this sum equals to the length of major axis.}
These TWO fixed points are FOCUS 1 & FOCUS 2
Refer Problem no.4
Ellipse by Arcs of Circles Method.
 Terms used in Conics
• Focus
– A fixed point is known as…
• Directrix
– A fixed straight line is known as…
• Axis
– The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix
is known as..
• Vertex
– The point at which conics intersects the axis is known as…
• Eccentricity
– e = Dist of a point from the focus / Dist of a point from the directrix
 ELLIPSE
BY CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD
Problem 1 :-
Draw ellipse by concentric circle method.
Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long. 3
2 4
Steps:
1. Draw both axes as perpendicular bisectors C
of each other & name their ends as shown.
2. Taking their intersecting point as a center, 1 5
3
2 4
draw two concentric circles considering both
as respective diameters.
1 5
3. Divide both circles in 12 equal parts &
name as shown.
A
4. From all points of outer circle draw vertical B
lines downwards and upwards respectively.
5.From all points of inner circle draw 10 6
horizontal lines to intersect those vertical
lines. 10 9 7 6
6. Mark all intersecting points properly as 8
those are the points on ellipse. D
7. Join all these points along with the ends of
both axes in smooth possible curve. It is 9 7
required ellipse.
8
Steps:
ELLIPSE
BY RECTANGLE METHOD
1 Draw a rectangle taking major
and minor axes as sides.
2. In this rectangle draw both Problem 2
axes as perpendicular bisectors
Draw ellipse by Rectangle method.
of each other..
3. For construction, select upper Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
left part of rectangle. Divide
vertical small side and horizontal
long side into same number of D 4
4
equal parts.( here divided in four
parts) 3 3
4. Name those as shown..
5. Now join all vertical points 2 2
1,2,3,4, to the upper end of minor
axis. And all horizontal points 1 1
i.e.1,2,3,4 to the lower end of
minor axis. A 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 B
6. Then extend C-1 line upto D-1
and mark that point. Similarly
extend C-2, C-3, C-4 lines up to
D-2, D-3, & D-4 lines.
7. Mark all these points properly
and join all along with ends A
and D in smooth possible curve.
Do similar construction in right C
side part.along with lower half of
the rectangle.Join all points in
smooth curve.
It is required ellipse.
 ELLIPSE
Problem 3:- BY OBLONG METHOD
Draw ellipse by Oblong method.
Draw a parallelogram of 100 mm and 70 mm long
sides with included angle of 75 0.Inscribe Ellipse in it.
STEPS ARE SIMILAR TO
THE PREVIOUS CASE
(RECTANGLE METHOD)
ONLY IN PLACE OF RECTANGLE,
HERE IS A PARALLELOGRAM.
D
4 4

3 3

2 2

1
1

A 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 B

C
PROBLEM 4. ELLIPSE
MAJOR AXIS AB & MINOR AXIS CD ARE
BY ARCS OF CIRCLE METHOD
100 AMD 70MM LONG RESPECTIVELY
.DRAW ELLIPSE BY ARCS OF CIRLES
METHOD. As per the definition Ellipse is locus of point P moving in
a plane such that the SUM of it’s distances from two fixed
STEPS: points (F1 & F2) remains constant and equals to the length
1.Draw both axes as usual.Name the of major axis AB.(Note A .1+ B .1=A . 2 + B. 2 = AB)
ends & intersecting point
2.Taking AO distance I.e.half major
axis, from C, mark F1 & F2 On AB . p4 C
( focus 1 and 2.) p3
3.On line F1- O taking any distance, p2
mark points 1,2,3, & 4 p1
4.Taking F1 center, with distance A-1
draw an arc above AB and taking F2
center, with B-1 distance cut this arc.
Name the point p1 A B
O
5.Repeat this step with same centers but F1 1 2 3 4 F2
taking now A-2 & B-2 distances for
drawing arcs. Name the point p2
6.Similarly get all other P points.
With same steps positions of P can be
located below AB.
7.Join all points by smooth curve to get
an ellipse/ D
PROBLEM 5. ELLIPSE
DRAW RHOMBUS OF 100 MM & 70 MM LONG BY RHOMBUS METHOD
DIAGONALS AND INSCRIBE AN ELLIPSE IN IT.

STEPS: 2
1. Draw rhombus of given
dimensions.
2. Mark mid points of all sides &
name Those A,B,C,& D
3. Join these points to the ends of A B
smaller diagonals.
4. Mark points 1,2,3,4 as four
centers.
5. Taking 1 as center and 1-A 3 4
radius draw an arc AB.
6. Take 2 as center draw an arc CD.
7. Similarly taking 3 & 4 as centers
and 3-D radius draw arcs DA & BC.
D C

1
PROBLEM 6:- POINT F IS 50 MM FROM A LINE AB.A POINT P IS MOVING IN A PLANE
SUCH THAT THE RATIO OF IT’S DISTANCES FROM F AND LINE AB REMAINS CONSTANT
ELLIPSE
AND EQUALS TO 2/3 DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P. { ECCENTRICITY = 2/3 } DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD

ELLIPSE
A
STEPS:
1 .Draw a vertical line AB and point F

DIRECTRIX
50 mm from it.
2 .Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts. 45mm
3 .Name 2nd part from F as V. It is 20mm
and 30mm from F and AB line resp.

3 0 mm
It is first point giving ratio of it’s
distances from F and AB 2/3 i.e 20/30
4 Form more points giving same ratio such
as 30/45, 40/60, 50/75 etc. (vertex) V
5.Taking 45,60 and 75mm distances from F ( focus)
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the
right side of it.
6. Now with 30, 40 and 50mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and below,
with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
This is required locus of P.It is an ELLIPSE.

B
PROBLEM 7: A BALL THROWN IN AIR ATTAINS 100 M HIEGHT
PARABOLA
AND COVERS HORIZONTAL DISTANCE 150 M ON GROUND. RECTANGLE METHOD
Draw the path of the ball (projectile)-

STEPS: 6 6
1.Draw rectangle of above size and
divide it in two equal vertical parts
2.Consider left part for construction. 5 5
Divide height and length in equal
number of parts and name those
1,2,3,4,5& 6 4 4
3.Join vertical 1,2,3,4,5 & 6 to the
top center of rectangle
4.Similarly draw upward vertical
3 3
lines from horizontal1,2,3,4,5
And wherever these lines intersect
previously drawn inclined lines in
sequence Mark those points and 2 2
further join in smooth possible curve.
5.Repeat the construction on right side
rectangle also.Join all in sequence. 1 1
This locus is Parabola.
.

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
Problem no.8: Draw an isosceles triangle of 100 mm long base and PARABOLA
110 mm long altitude.Inscribe a parabola in it by method of tangents. METHOD OF TANGENTS

Solution Steps: C
1. Construct triangle as per the given 14
dimensions. 1
2. Divide it’s both sides in to same no.of 13
2
equal parts. 12
3
3. Name the parts in ascending and 11
descending manner, as shown. 4
10
4. Join 1-1, 2-2,3-3 and so on. 5
5. Draw the curve as shown i.e.tangent to 9
6
all these lines. The above all lines being 8
tangents to the curve, it is called method 7
of tangents. 7 8
6
9
5 10
4 11
3 12
2 13
1
14
A B
PROBLEM 9: Point F is 50 mm from a vertical straight line AB. PARABOLA
Draw locus of point P, moving in a plane such that DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD
it always remains equidistant from point F and line AB.

PARABOLA
SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Locate center of line, perpendicular to A
AB from point F. This will be initial
point P and also the vertex.
2.Mark 5 mm distance to its right side,
name those points 1,2,3,4 and from P1
those
draw lines parallel to AB.
3.Mark 5 mm distance to its left of P and (VERTEX) V
name it 1. F
O 1 2 3 4
4.Take O-1 distance as radius and F as
center draw an arc ( focus)
cutting first parallel line to AB. Name
upper point P1 and lower point P2.
P2
(FP1=O1)

5.Similarly repeat this process by taking

again 5mm to right and left and locate
P3 P4 . B
6.Join all these points in smooth curve.

It will be the locus of P equidistance

from line AB and fixed point F.
Problem No.10: Point P is 40 mm and 30 mm from horizontal HYPERBOLA
and vertical axes respectively.Draw Hyperbola through it. THROUGH A POINT
OF KNOWN CO-ORDINATES
Solution Steps:
1) Extend horizontal
line from P to right side. 2
2) Extend vertical line
from P upward.
3) On horizontal line
from P, mark some
points taking any
distance and name them
after P-1, 2,3,4 etc.
4) Join 1-2-3-4 points
to pole O. Let them cut 1
part [P-B] also at 1,2,3,4
points.
5) From horizontal
1,2,3,4 draw vertical 2 1 P 1 2 3
lines downwards and
6) From vertical 1,2,3,4
points [from P-B] draw 1
horizontal lines.
7) Line from 1 40 mm 2
horizontal and line from
1 vertical will meet at 3
P1.Similarly mark P2, P3,
P4 points. O
8) Repeat the procedure
by marking four points 30 mm
on upward vertical line
from P and joining all
those to pole O. Name
this points P6, P7, P8 etc.
and join them by smooth
Problem no.11: A sample of gas is expanded in a cylinder HYPERBOLA
from 10 unit pressure to 1 unit pressure.Expansion follows
law PV=Constant.If initial volume being 1 unit, draw the
P-V DIAGRAM
curve of expansion. Also Name the curve.

Form a table giving few more values of P & V 10

P V = C 9
+++ +++ +

10 1 = 10
5 2 = 10 8
4 2.5 = 10
2.5 4 = 10 7
2 5 = 10
1 10 = 10 6

PRESSURE
Now draw a Graph of 5

( Kg/cm2)
Pressure against Volume.
It is a PV Diagram and it is Hyperbola.
Take pressure on vertical axis and
4
Volume on horizontal axis.
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VOLUME:( M3 )
PROBLEM 12:- POINT F IS 50 MM FROM A LINE AB.A POINT P IS MOVING IN A PLANE HYPERBOLA
SUCH THAT THE RATIO OF IT’S DISTANCES FROM F AND LINE AB REMAINS CONSTANT
AND EQUALS TO 2/3 DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P. { ECCENTRICITY = 2/3 }
DIRECTRIX
FOCUS METHOD

STEPS: A
1 .Draw a vertical line AB and point F
50 mm from it.
2 .Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts. 30mm
3 .Name 2nd part from F as V. It is 20mm
and 30mm from F and AB line resp.

45m
It is first point giving ratio of it’s

m
distances from F and AB 2/3 i.e 20/30
4 Form more points giving same ratio such
as 30/45, 40/60, 50/75 etc. (vertex)
V
F ( focus)
5.Taking 45,60 and 75mm distances from
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the
right side of it.
6. Now with 30, 40 and 50mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and below,
with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
This is required locus of P.It is an ELLIPSE.

B
 ELLIPSE
Problem 13:
TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )
1. JOIN POINT Q TO F1 & F2
2. BISECT ANGLE F1Q F2 THE ANGLE BISECTOR IS NORMAL
3. A PERPENDICULAR LINE DRAWN TO IT IS TANGENT TO THE CURVE.

p4 C
p3
p2
p1

A B
O
F1 1 2 3 4 F2
L
MA
NOR

Q TAN
GE
NT
D
 ELLIPSE
Problem 14:
TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
ELLIPSE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q ) A

DIRECTRIX
1.JOIN POINT Q TO F. T
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH
THIS LINE AT POINT F
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX
AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO ELLIPSE FROM Q (vertex) V
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR F ( focus)
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE. 900
N

Q
N

T
 PARABOLA
Problem 15: TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE T PARABOLA
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q )
A

1.JOIN POINT Q TO F.
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH
THIS LINE AT POINT F
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX
AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS VERTEX V
TANGENT TO THE CURVE FROM Q 900 F
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR ( focus)
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.
N

Q
B N

T
 HYPERBOLA
Problem 16
TANGENT & NORMAL
TO DRAW TANGENT & NORMAL
TO THE CURVE
FROM A GIVEN POINT ( Q ) A

1.JOIN POINT Q TO F.
2.CONSTRUCT 900 ANGLE WITH THIS LINE AT
POINT F T
3.EXTEND THE LINE TO MEET DIRECTRIX AT T
4. JOIN THIS POINT TO Q AND EXTEND. THIS IS
TANGENT TO CURVE FROM Q
(vertex)
V
F ( focus)
5.TO THIS TANGENT DRAW PERPENDICULAR 900
LINE FROM Q. IT IS NORMAL TO CURVE.
N

N Q

T
 ENGINEERING CURVES
Part-II
(Point undergoing two types of displacements)

INVOLUTE CYCLOID SPIRAL HELIX

1. Involute of a circle 1. General Cycloid 1. Spiral of 1. On Cylinder
a)String Length = D One Convolution.
2. Trochoid 2. On a Cone
b)String Length > D ( superior) 2. Spiral of
3. Trochoid Two Convolutions.
c)String Length < D ( Inferior)
4. Epi-Cycloid
2. Pole having Composite
shape. 5. Hypo-Cycloid

3. Rod Rolling over

a Semicircular Pole. AND Methods of Drawing
Tangents & Normals
To These Curves.
 Problem no 17: Draw Involute of a circle. INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
String length is equal to the circumference of circle.
Solution Steps:
1) Point or end P of string AP is
exactly D distance away from A.
Means if this string is wound round
the circle, it will completely cover P2
given circle. B will meet A after
winding.
2) Divide D (AP) distance into 8 P3
number of equal parts. P1
3) Divide circle also into 8 number

2 to p
of equal parts.
3
4) Name after A, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. up to
p
to 8 on D line AP as well as on

op
circle (in anticlockwise direction).

1t
5) To radius C-1, C-2, C-3 up to C-8
draw tangents (from 1,2,3,4,etc to
4 to p
circle). P4
4
6) Take distance 1 to P in compass 3
and mark it on tangent from point 1 5
on circle (means one division less 2
than distance AP). 6
op

7) Name this point P1

5t

1
8) Take 2-B distance in compass 7 A 8
6 to p

and mark it on the tangent from 7

to P
point 2. Name it point P2.
P5 p P8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9) Similarly take 3 to P, 4 to P, 5 to P7
P up to 7 to P distance in compass P6 
and mark on respective tangents
and locate P3, P4, P5 up to P8 (i.e. D
A) points and join them in smooth
curve it is an INVOLUTE of a given
circle.
 INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
Problem 18: Draw Involute of a circle.
String length MORE than D
String length is MORE than the circumference of circle.

Solution Steps: P2
In this case string length is more
than  D.
But remember!
Whatever may be the length of P3 P1
string, mark  D distance

2 to p
horizontal i.e.along the string
and divide it in 8 number of 3
to
equal parts, and not any other p

op
distance. Rest all steps are same

1t
as previous INVOLUTE. Draw
the curve completely.

4 to p
P4 4
3
5
2
op
5t

6
1
P5 7
8
7 p8 1 P
6 to p

to
p
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P7
165 mm
P6 (more than D)
D
Problem 19: Draw Involute of a circle. INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
String length is LESS than the circumference of circle. String length LESS than D

Solution Steps: P2
In this case string length is Less
than  D.
But remember!
Whatever may be the length of P3
P1
string, mark  D distance
horizontal i.e.along the string
and divide it in 8 number of

2 to p
3
to
equal parts, and not any other p
distance. Rest all steps are same
as previous INVOLUTE. Draw

op
1t
the curve completely.
4 to p
P4 4
3
5
2
op

6
5t

1
6 to p

P5
7
to 7 P
p 8
P7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P6
150 mm
(Less than D)

D
 PROBLEM 20 : A POLE IS OF A SHAPE OF HALF HEXABON AND SEMICIRCLE.
ASTRING IS TO BE WOUND HAVING LENGTH EQUAL TO THE POLE PERIMETER
INVOLUTE
DRAW PATH OF FREE END P OF STRING WHEN WOUND COMPLETELY. OF
(Take hex 30 mm sides and semicircle of 60 mm diameter.) COMPOSIT SHAPED POLE

SOLUTION STEPS:
Draw pole shape as per
dimensions. P1
Divide semicircle in 4
parts and name those
P
along with corners of
P2
hexagon.
Calculate perimeter
length.

1 to P
Show it as string AP.
On this line mark 30mm
2
to
from A

oP
Mark and name it 1

At
Mark D/2 distance on it
from 1
And dividing it in 4 parts P3
name 2,3,4,5. 3 to P 3
Mark point 6 on line 30 4
2
mm from 5
Now draw tangents from
5 1
all points of pole
oP

and proper lengths as

A
4t

done in all previous 6

5 to P

involute’s problems and 1 2 3 4 5 6 P

6t
oP

complete the curve. D/2

P4
P6
P5
PROBLEM 21 : Rod AB 85 mm long rolls
over a semicircular pole without slipping
from it’s initially vertical position till it
becomes up-side-down vertical. B
Draw locus of both ends A & B.
A4
Solution Steps? 4
If you have studied previous problems B1
properly, you can surely solve this also.
Simply remember that this being a rod, A3
it will roll over the surface of pole. 3
Means when one end is approaching,
other end will move away from poll.
OBSERVE ILLUSTRATION CAREFULLY!

R 2

A2
B2
2
1
3
1

A1 4
A

B3
B4
 DEFINITIONS
CYCLOID:
IT IS A LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE SUPERIORTROCHOID:
PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE WHICH IF THE POINT IN THE DEFINATION
ROLLS ON A STRAIGHT LINE PATH. OF CYCLOID IS OUTSIDE THE CIRCLE

INFERIOR TROCHOID.:
INVOLUTE: IF IT IS INSIDE THE CIRCLE
IT IS A LOCUS OF A FREE END OF A STRING
WHEN IT IS WOUND ROUND A CIRCULAR POLE EPI-CYCLOID
IF THE CIRCLE IS ROLLING ON
ANOTHER CIRCLE FROM OUTSIDE

SPIRAL: HYPO-CYCLOID.
IT IS A CURVE GENERATED BY A POINT IF THE CIRCLE IS ROLLING FROM
WHICH REVOLVES AROUND A FIXED POINT INSIDE THE OTHER CIRCLE,
AND AT THE SAME MOVES TOWARDS IT.

HELIX:
IT IS A CURVE GENERATED BY A POINT WHICH
MOVES AROUND THE SURFACE OF A RIGHT CIRCULAR
CYLINDER / CONE AND AT THE SAME TIME ADVANCES IN AXIAL DIRECTION
AT A SPEED BEARING A CONSTANT RATIO TO THE SPPED OF ROTATION.
( for problems refer topic Development of surfaces)
PROBLEM 22: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE CYCLOID
WHICH ROLLS ON STRAIGHT LINE PATH. Take Circle diameter as 50 mm

p4
4
p3 p5
3 5

C p2 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 p6 C
8
2 6

p1
1 p7
7
P p8

D

Solution Steps:
1) From center C draw a horizontal line equal to D distance.
2) Divide D distance into 8 number of equal parts and name them C1, C2, C3__ etc.
3) Divide the circle also into 8 number of equal parts and in clock wise direction, after P name 1, 2, 3 up to 8.
4) From all these points on circle draw horizontal lines. (parallel to locus of C)
5) With a fixed distance C-P in compass, C1 as center, mark a point on horizontal line from 1. Name it P.
6) Repeat this procedure from C2, C3, C4 upto C8 as centers. Mark points P2, P3, P4, P5 up to P8 on the
horizontal lines drawn from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 respectively.
7) Join all these points by curve. It is Cycloid.
 PROBLEM 23: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT , 5 MM AWAY FROM THE PERIPHERY OF A SUPERIOR TROCHOID
CIRCLE WHICH ROLLS ON STRAIGHT LINE PATH. Take Circle diameter as 50 mm

4 p4

p3 p5
3 5

p2 C C1 C C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 p 6
2 6 2

p7
1 p1 7
P D p8

Solution Steps:
1) Draw circle of given diameter and draw a horizontal line from it’s center C of length  D and divide it
in 8 number of equal parts and name them C1, C2, C3, up to C8.
2) Draw circle by CP radius, as in this case CP is larger than radius of circle.
3) Now repeat steps as per the previous problem of cycloid, by dividing this new circle into 8 number of
equal parts and drawing lines from all these points parallel to locus of C and taking CP radius wit
different positions of C as centers, cut these lines and get different positions of P and join
4) This curve is called Superior Trochoid.
PROBLEM 24: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT , 5 MM INSIDE THE PERIPHERY OF A
CIRCLE WHICH ROLLS ON STRAIGHT LINE PATH. Take Circle diameter as 50 mm
INFERIOR TROCHOID

p4
4
p3 p5
3 5
p2
C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 p 6 C8
2 6
p1 p7
1 7
P p8

D

Solution Steps:
1) Draw circle of given diameter and draw a horizontal line from it’s center C of length  D and divide it
in 8 number of equal parts and name them C1, C2, C3, up to C8.
2) Draw circle by CP radius, as in this case CP is SHORTER than radius of circle.
3) Now repeat steps as per the previous problem of cycloid, by dividing this new circle into 8 number
of equal parts and drawing lines from all these points parallel to locus of C and taking CP radius
with different positions of C as centers, cut these lines and get different positions of P and join
those in curvature.
4) This curve is called Inferior Trochoid.
PROBLEM 25: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE
WHICH ROLLS ON A CURVED PATH. Take diameter of rolling Circle 50 mm
EPI CYCLOID :
And radius of directing circle i.e. curved path, 75 mm.

Solution Steps:
1) When smaller circle will roll on
larger circle for one revolution it will
cover  D distance on arc and it will be
decided by included arc angle .
2) Calculate  by formula  = (r/R) x
Generating/
3600. Rolling Circle
3) Construct angle  with radius OC 4 5
and draw an arc by taking O as center C2 C3
C1 C4
OC as radius and form sector of angle 3 6
. C C
5
4) Divide this sector into 8 number of 7
equal angular parts. And from C 2

C6
onward name them C1, C2, C3 up to
C8.
1 P
r = CP

C7
5) Divide smaller circle (Generating
circle) also in 8 number of equal parts.
And next to P in clockwise direction Directing Circle
name those 1, 2, 3, up to 8. R C
8
6) With O as center, O-1 as radius
draw an arc in the sector. Take O-2, O- = r 3600
+

R
3, O-4, O-5 up to O-8 distances with
center O, draw all concentric arcs in O
sector. Take fixed distance C-P in
compass, C1 center, cut arc of 1 at P1.
Repeat procedure and locate P2, P3,
P4, P5 unto P8 (as in cycloid) and join
them by smooth curve. This is EPI –
CYCLOID.
PROBLEM 26: DRAW LOCUS OF A POINT ON THE PERIPHERY OF A CIRCLE
WHICH ROLLS FROM THE INSIDE OF A CURVED PATH. Take diameter of HYPO CYCLOID
rolling circle 50 mm and radius of directing circle (curved path) 75 mm.

Solution Steps:
1) Smaller circle is rolling
here, inside the larger
circle. It has to rotate
anticlockwise to move P 7
ahead.
2) Same steps should be P1
6
taken as in case of EPI –
CYCLOID. Only change is 1 P2 C2
C1 C3
in numbering direction of C4
8 number of equal parts C C
P3 5 5
on the smaller circle.
2 C
3) From next to P in 6
anticlockwise direction,
4 P4 C
name 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. 3 7
4) Further all steps are P8
P5
that of epi – cycloid. This P6 P7
is called

C8
HYPO – CYCLOID.
r
= 3600
R
+

OC = R ( Radius of Directing Circle)

CP = r (Radius of Generating Circle)
 Problem 27: Draw a spiral of one convolution. Take distance PO 40 mm.
SPIRAL
IMPORTANT APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTION!
FIND TOTAL ANGULAR AND TOTAL LINEAR DISPLACEMENT
AND DIVIDE BOTH IN TO SAME NUMBER OF EQUAL PARTS.

P2
Solution Steps 3 1
P1
1. With PO radius draw a circle
and divide it in EIGHT parts. P3
Name those 1,2,3,4, etc. up to 8
2 .Similarly divided line PO also in
EIGHT parts and name those
4 P4 O P
1,2,3,-- as shown. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3. Take o-1 distance from op line P7
and draw an arc up to O1 radius
P5 P6
vector. Name the point P1
4. Similarly mark points P2, P3, P4
up to P8
5 7
And join those in a smooth curve.
It is a SPIRAL of one convolution.
6
Problem 28 SPIRAL
Point P is 80 mm from point O. It starts moving towards O and reaches it in two of
revolutions around.it Draw locus of point P (To draw a Spiral of TWO convolutions).
two convolutions
IMPORTANT APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTION!
FIND TOTAL ANGULAR AND TOTAL LINEAR DISPLACEMENT
AND DIVIDE BOTH IN TO SAME NUMBER OF EQUAL PARTS.

2,10
P2

3,11 P1 1,9

SOLUTION STEPS: P3

Total angular displacement here

P10
is two revolutions And P9
Total Linear displacement here P11
is distance PO. 16 13 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 P
Just divide both in same parts i.e. 4,12
P4 P8 8,16
P12
Circle in EIGHT parts. P15

( means total angular displacement P13 P14

in SIXTEEN parts)
Divide PO also in SIXTEEN parts. P7
Rest steps are similar to the previous P5

problem.
P6
5,13 7,15

6,14
STEPS: Involute
DRAW INVOLUTE AS USUAL.
Method of Drawing
MARK POINT Q ON IT AS DIRECTED. Tangent & Normal
JOIN Q TO THE CENTER OF CIRCLE C.
CONSIDERING CQ DIAMETER, DRAW
A SEMICIRCLE AS SHOWN.
INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE

l a
MARK POINT OF INTERSECTION OF

rm
No
THIS SEMICIRCLE AND POLE CIRCLE
AND JOIN IT TO Q. Q
THIS WILL BE NORMAL TO INVOLUTE.
Ta
n ge
DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE TO nt
THIS LINE FROM Q.

IT WILL BE TANGENT TO INVOLUTE.

4
3
5
C 2
6
1
7
8
P
P8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


D
STEPS:
DRAW CYCLOID AS USUAL. CYCLOID
MARK POINT Q ON IT AS DIRECTED.
Method of Drawing
WITH CP DISTANCE, FROM Q. CUT THE Tangent & Normal
POINT ON LOCUS OF C AND JOIN IT TO Q.

FROM THIS POINT DROP A PERPENDICULAR

ON GROUND LINE AND NAME IT N

JOIN N WITH Q.THIS WILL BE NORMAL TO

CYCLOID.

DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE TO

THIS LINE FROM Q.

la
Norm
IT WILL BE TANGENT TO CYCLOID.
CYCLOID

Q
Tang
e nt

CP
C C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8

P N
D
 Spiral.
Method of Drawing
Tangent & Normal
SPIRAL (ONE CONVOLUSION.)
2
e nt
No
ng
Ta
rm

P2
al

3 1 Difference in length of any radius vectors

Q P1 Constant of the Curve =
Angle between the corresponding
radius vector in radian.
P3
OP – OP2 OP – OP2
= =
/2 1.57

4 P4 O P = 3.185 m.m.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
P7 STEPS:
*DRAW SPIRAL AS USUAL.
P5 P6 DRAW A SMALL CIRCLE OF RADIUS EQUAL TO THE
CONSTANT OF CURVE CALCULATED ABOVE.

* LOCATE POINT Q AS DISCRIBED IN PROBLEM AND

5 7 THROUGH IT DRAW A TANGENTTO THIS SMALLER
CIRCLE.THIS IS A NORMAL TO THE SPIRAL.

*DRAW A LINE AT RIGHT ANGLE

6
*TO THIS LINE FROM Q.
IT WILL BE TANGENT TO CYCLOID.