MODELING AND SIMULATION

OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
USING MATLAB/SIMULINK
PRESENTED BY
NANDHAKUMAR.N
PACHAIYAPPAN.M
SOWNDARRAJ.D
 Abstract
• Now a day ic based transportation are being increased which increases the environmental pollution
(green house gas emission) that causes global warming and increasing the depletion of fossil fuel
sources. Furthermore ic engine operates at low efficiency at low speed especially in traffic or
urban driving. So these are significant problems while using the ic engine.
• Alternative vehicles is only option to mitigate the problem above mentioned therefore electric
vehicle is to be used which uses battery that supplies power to traction motor for traction power to
move the vehicle. Electric vehicles have so many features over the conventional ic engines like
operates at high efficiency, zero pollution, running cost is less and regenerative braking by which
kinetic energy is recovered from wheel and energy is stored to battery during the braking and hill
climbing. Moreover Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular in many countries
of the world. EVs are proving more energy efficient and environmental friendly than ICEVs
• In this project, performance of electric vehicle is evaluated with help of MATLAB Simulink tool
by which state of charge of battery, battery current, distance travelled by vehicle, drive cycle and
variation comparison of drive cycle and speed of vehicle have been shown as a waveform in
MATLAB Simulink tools.
 Introduction
• Electric vehicle is one of the effective alternative solution for the convention ic engine based
vehicle. The following reasons are that electric vehicles want to replace the convectional vehicle.
(i) According to forecast data of fossil fuel energy
• Oil life will be ended by 2052
• Gas life will be ended by 2060
• Coal life will be ended by 2090

(ii) According to IC engines which operates at low efficiency

Heat energy is converter to 10 to 15 % of the energy

mechanical energy lost due to friction
42 % of the Approximately 23 to
Conventional vehicle mechanical energy 30 % of the energy
Gearing and
Fuel (petrol or disel) (internal combustion is used as a traction
transmission system
engine) power
Fuel energy as input
100%
58% of the energy wasted in
thermodynamic losses (heat
losses)
What electric vehicle is………….
• Electric vehicle is propelled by electric motor and uses electrical energy from battery.
• Electrical vehicle consists of electric motor. Energy storage device and converter.
• In Electrical vehicle, the electric motor (traction motor) which is couple to the wheel through either
transmission system or directly coupled.
• The electric motor is powered by batter through the converter for controlling the power of electric motor
according to input of diver through acceleration and deceleration for controlling the speed of electric
vehicle.
• Unlike convectional vehicle, EV does not produce any green houses gasses so it will not affect the
environmental.
• EV operates at good efficiency over entire speed because electric motor for traction motor are designed to
operate at same efficiency at all over speed.so that no need to consider about the fuel efficient mode live
conventional vehicle. Generally ev is operates at approximately 70 to 85% efficiency.
• The main feature of EV is regenerative braking. While braking the vehicle, kinetic energy of wheel is
converter into the electrical energy by same electric motor. Which act as a generating mode and battery is
charged by this way the efficiency of electric vehicle is improved.(nearly 30% of kinetic energy is
recovered from the wheel)
Block diagram of ev

Driver Power Vehicle

Drive cycle PMDC Motor Body
controller converter H-
Bridge

Battery
The electric vehicle parts are………
Main components are
• Electric motor – for Supplying the traction power to wheel

• Power Converter – for Controlling the power flowing to motor

• Energy storage device – for Storing the electrical energy

For simulation purpose
• Drive cycle – for input to vehicle which represent road speed vs time.

• Driver Controller– for performing accelerating and decelerating of vehicle.

• Vehicle body – for representing the mechanical design of vehicle.

Electric motor……. Controller power from
the converter Electric motor
Traction power
to wheel

• Permanent magnet dc motor is used as a Electric motor (which is called traction motor ) which
gives traction force to wheel to drive the vehicle. Which operate at 80 to 90 % of efficiency.
The significant feature of electric motor is that it doesn’t consume power at vehicle ideal condition.

• The advantages of a PMDC motor are

• Efficiency of PMDC is increased due to permanent magnet used in rotor instead of field coil in which copper
loss is occurred. There is no copper losses in rotor in pmdc motor
• Size of the motor is reduced due to elimination of field coil.
• Less weight due to elimination of field coil.

• Here traction motor is used as a permanent magnet dc motor due to high torque compare to BLDC
motor. Pmdc motor works as a…
 Motoring Mode - which means that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy while period
of acceleration.
 Generating Mode - which means that converts mechanical energy (kinetic energy of wheel) into
electrical energy while period of braking.
Speed control PMDC motor
• Speed control of PMDC motor depends on N=
• V- Armature Voltage
• Ia- Armature Current
• Ra- Armature Resistance
• K1 = K Φ (Flux Is Generated By Permanent Magnet. So No Flux Control Is Possible Hence It Considered As A
Constant )
• N- Speed Of The Motor

From above equation, it can be easily understood that speed of the motor can be easily controlled
by Varying The Armature Voltage.

In Dc Motor, field based speed control is possible but in PMDC motor Flux Control Method
Motor speed control is not possible due to constant flux is produced by permanent magnet.

Here armature voltage is directly proportional to the speed of motor. therefore by varying the
voltage with help of converter by changing the duty cycle, speed of vehicle can be controlled
efficiently
H bridge Converter…..
• H bridge converter is used to control the power flow from battery to motor.
• The motor controller regulates the amount of energy that flows to the motor to correspond to the
throttle.
• Why its called h bridge ……..H bridge consists of 4 switches, 2 switches connected in the left leg
and another 2 switches connected in the right leg and motor is connected between middle point of
2 leg so it looks like H shape so that its called h bridge converter.
• Main function of h bridge converter.
• Forwarding and reversing motor. It is achieved by changing the switching state
• Speed control of motor it is achieved by the change the width of pwm
• Forwarding motor control – when the switch q1 and q4 are turn on, the motor is connected to the
supply (battery) through the switch turned on. Now the direction of current flows from vs (+), q1,
motor a and b, q4 and vs (-).so motor will run at forward direction.
• Reversing motor control – when the switch q2 and q3 are turn on, the motor is connected to the
supply (battery) through the switch turned on. Now the direction of current flows from vs (+), q3,
motor b and a, q2 and vs (-).so motor will run at reverse direction.
PWM technique……
• PWM is a pulse width modulation Which means width of the pulses are changed by comparing the
carrier signal and modulating signal after that pulses give to appropriate gate terminal of switch in
order to control the duty cycle of switch for controlling the average output voltage of converter.
• What duty cycle is …….
The ratio of turn on time period of switch and total time period of switch. The average
output voltage of converter is depend on the duty cycle and supply voltage.
Vo = duty cycle * supply voltage
Here, supply voltage is constant.
Duty cycle is only variable which is varied by width of pwm
• Average output voltage is regulated by varying the duty cycle accordingly. Which can be varied
between the range of 0 to 1 or 0 to 100%.
• For example if the duty cycle is 50 %, the average output voltage is 1/2th of supply voltage likewise
• If duty cycle is 75%, Vavg is 3/4th of supply voltage
• If duty cycle is 25%, Vavg is 1/4th of supply voltage
• If duty cycle is 0%, Vavg is zero
• Since incorporating the PWM techniques, harmonics can be limited to desirable range hence filter
size can be reduced as small as possible
Lithium ion Battery….
• Lithium ion battery is used as a energy storage device which gives power to the PMDC motor for
propelling the vehicle.
• It converts the chemical energy into the electrical energy during discharging of battery as well as
it converts electrical energy to chemical energy during the charging of battery.
• It works at two modes of operation
• Charging mode – here charging is attained by two ways
The battery is charged via external plug in at stopping condition.
The battery is charged via regeneration at running condition especially declaration.
• Discharging mode
The battery is discharged at running condition only especially acceleration.
• By using the lithium ion battery, there are some advantages
High energy density hence battery weight is less and minimum space is required.
High power density hence fast charging is possible.
Long life approximately 5000 cycle.
Low self discharging rate 5 to 8% only per 3 month
Driving Cycle…..
• The FTP cycle (for Federal Test Procedure) has been created by US EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency) to represent a commuting cycle with a part of urban driving including frequent
stops and a part of highway driving.
• Driving cycle represents the vehicle speed(mph) versus time(s) which means depict of real road
condition like Acceleration, Deceleration Stopping And Constant Speed At Scheduled Time
• which gives input to the driver with accordingly speed of vehicle is changed by which electric
vehicle can be evaluated like Speed Of Vehicle, Battery Soc And Motor Input Current.

11.04 miles
Distance
(17.77 km)

Duration 1874 s

21.2 mph (34.1

Average speed
km/h)
Driver Controller….
• The driver controller is used to drive the vehicle as per the driving cycle which is given as a
input to the controller.
• It has been given 2 input like….
(i) Reference velocity signal from drive cycle and
(ii) Feedback velocity from the vehicle body.
• Driver controller compares the both velocity (reference and feedback signal) and find out the error
between of those input signal.
• Based on the sign of error (positive or negative error), the controller gives either acceleration or
deceleration signal to the converter.
• Generally controller control the converter voltage and direction of current flow.
• According to driver controller command the controller gives the different duty cycle and different
direction of path for flowing the current in different direction.
• Therefore (i) Different output voltage can be obtained and (ii) Forward and Reverse direction
motoring also possible.
Vehicle body…
• Vehicle body consists of wheel which are powered by electric motor.

• Vehicle body block is designed based on application.

• Mass od body, air drag resistance, road resistance, gradient have to be considered to design
the vehicle body.

• Driver controller need two signal one from drive cycle which is called reference speed and
another one is vehicle bode which is called actual speed.
Conclusion………
• Electric vehicle has been designed with help of MATLAB platform and performance of EV was
evaluated with different battery source.
• The results from different energy storage have been compared which helps that which energy
storage device to be suitable for specific application.
• Ev is better performance against ic engine in the term of no pollution from it, no energy wastage
in ideal condition, optimal efficiency at different speed, regenerative braking helps to recover the
energy wasted in braking, because of above advantage the overall efficiency of ev is improved.
• Even though cost of ev is high which is considered as main issue, the overall running cost of ev is
less over the ic engine.
• Finally main parameter waveform such as soc of battery, battery voltage and current, motor speed,
have been taken out as result of our project, by this way the electric vehicle behaviour can be
understood.
• The performance analysis is very important for choosing energy storage for different application
of electric vehicle.