ATOMS and

MOLECULES
Mr. Valluis Gio
Casupanan
 Objectives
This lesson delves into the topic of atoms and
molecules. After the lesson the learners shall be
able to:
1. Discuss the laws of matter
2. Describe the structure of an atom of an
element;
3. Recognize and differentiate atoms, molecules,
ions and isotopes
 Table of Contents

01 02

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Laws of Chemical Changes

proposed by John Dalton, can be used Law of Conservation of Mass,
to explain the laws of chemical Law of Definite Proportion, Law
change of Multiple Proportion

03

Subatomic particles
Proton, electron and neutron. Atoms,
molecules, and ions
 Intro
Since ancient times humans have pondered the nature of matter. Our
modern ideas of the structure of matter began to take shape in the early
nineteenth century with Dalton’s atomic theory. We now know that all matter
is made of atoms, molecules, and ions. All of chemistry is concerned in one
way or another with these species the science of chemistry is based on the
concept of the atom and molecules.

Knowledge of the atoms and molecules in the environment and in

biological systems has provided an understanding of the changes occurring in
them. It has also allowed the prediction of their behavior and the solution to
any problem observed in their behavior.
Intro
● You know that you can fold and cut this piece of paper into two. And then cut one of
the halves again in half, and again and again. Then again and again.
● Though the cutting can go on and on mentally, there is a physical limit to this
process. It is impossible to cut the paper into half forever. There is a limit – a point
where the piece can no longer be divided.
● The limit is an indivisible piece, which
was called by the Greek philosopher
Democritus as the atom.
● However, beginning in the late 1800s,
experiments have indicated that atoms
are made up of smaller particles.
● CAN YOU REMEMBER WHAT ARE
THE SMALLER PARTICLES THAT
MADE UP AN ATOM?
01 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Although Democritus’ idea was not accepted by
many of his contemporaries (notably Plato and
In the fifth century b.c. the Greek
Aristotle), somehow it endured. In 1808 an
philosopher Democritus expressed
English scientist and school teacher, John
the belief that all matter consists of
Dalton, formulated a precise definition of the
very small, indivisible particles,
indivisible building blocks of matter that we call
which he named atomos (meaning
atoms.
uncuttable or indivisible).
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
The hypotheses about the nature of matter on which Dalton’s atomic theory is
based can be summarized as follows:
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass,
and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from the
atoms of all other elements. Dalton used the different shapes or figures to
represent different elements, as follows:
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. Combined
in definite ratios with whole number values.

4. During a chemical reaction, atoms combine, separate, or rearrange. No

atoms are created and no atoms disappear
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Dalton made hypotheses that proves his theory but other scientists have made
their contributions to provide evidence for the ATOMIC THEORY.
 02
Laws of Chemical
Changes
These laws were inferred from several experiments
conducted during the 18th century using a balance for
the measurements:
a. Law of Conservation of Mass
b. Law of Definite Proportion
c. Law of Multiple Proportion
 He weighed the system, and then subjected it to high
1. Law of temperature. During the heating, the red solid turned
into a silvery liquid. This observation indicated that
Conservation of a chemical reaction took place.
Mass After which, the setup was cooled and then weighed.
The weight of the system was found to be the same
LAVOISIER’S LAW (before) as before heating.
-In a chemical reaction, no change in mass takes
place. The total mass of the products is equal to
the total mass of the reactant.
-matter can be neither created nor destroyed
● Antoine Lavoisier, a brilliant French chemist,
formulated this law by describing one of his
experiments involving mercuric oxide. He
placed a small amount of mercuric oxide, a
red solid, inside a retort and sealed the vessel
tightly
Thus, if we were to analyze
samples of carbon dioxide 2. Law of
gas obtained from different
sources, we would find in Definite
each sample the same ratio
by mass of carbon to oxygen.
Proportion
It stands to reason, then, that
if the ratio of the masses of states that different
different elements in a given samples of the same
compound is fixed, the ratio compound always contain
of the atoms of these its constituent elements in
elements in the compound the same proportion by
also must be constant. mass
 ● Different compounds made up of the
3. Law of same elements differ in the number of
atoms of each kind that combine. For
Multiple example, carbon forms two stable
compounds with oxygen, namely,
Proportions carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
if two elements can ● Modern measurement techniques
combine to form more indicate that one atom of carbon
than one compound, the combines with one atom of oxygen in
carbon monoxide and with two atoms
masses of one element that
of oxygen in carbon dioxide. Thus, the
combine with a fixed mass
ratio of oxygen in carbon monoxide to
of the other element are in oxygen in carbon dioxide is 1:2. This
ratios of small whole result is consistent with the law of
numbers multiple proportions (Figure 2.2)
 03
Subatomic Particles
we can define an atom as the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination
Dalton imagined an atom that was both extremely small and indivisible. However,
a series of investigations that began in the 1850s and extended into the twentieth
century clearly demonstrated that atoms actually possess internal structure; that is,
they are made up of even smaller particles, which are called subatomic particles.
This research led to the discovery of three such particles—electrons, protons, and
neutrons.
 Subatomic Particles

Lose of IONS Gain of

Lose or electron electron
Combine to
ATOMS gain of
form?
electrons CATION ANION

MOLECULES IONS
 Properties
Particles
a. Atomic Number -the number of a chemical
element in the periodic system
b. Mass number or Atomic Mass - the total
number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
Confirm that the above numbers are defined by
the following equations:
a. Atomic number = number of protons =
number of electrons in a neutral atom
b. Mass number = number of protons + number
of neutrons
 ATOM
● Basic unit of
an element
that can enter
chemical
combination
● Basic unit of
matter and
defining the
structure of
elements
 ● Not all atoms of a given element not
completely identical; there are atoms of
the same element that have different
masses. These are known as isotopes
● Isotopes are atoms that have the same
Isotopes number of protons but different number
of neutrons
● Most elements have two or more
isotopes; they have the same atomic
number but different mass numbers.
EXAMPLES of ISOTOPES
 MOLECULES
Aggregate of 2 or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by
bonds

Characteristics TYPES

● A molecule can be a ● DIATOMIC - contains only

compound or two atoms: Cl2, N2, HCl, CO
element ● POLYATOMIC -
● Electrically neutral containing more than 2
atoms: NH3, C6H12O6, HPO4
 IONS
● Atom or group of atoms that has gained a net positive or negative
charge
● Atoms or molecules become ions when it loses or gains an electron
● Cation - if it loses electrons
● Anion- if it gains an electron
 Try this at home!
To apply these concepts (subatomic particles and periodic table of
elements), fill up the table below.
ATOMIC MASS NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
NUMBER NUMBER PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRON

4 9

14 28

8 9

11 12

52 24

19 20
 Thanks!
REFERENCE
Chang, R. & Goldsby, K. (2016).
Chemistry (12th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill

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