UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Subject Name: Cloud Computing & Distributed Systems
Subject Code: 21CST-378/21ITT-378

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Cloud Computing & Distributed Systems
Course Outcomes
CO1: Understanding of various paradigm of cloud computing
and distributed systems.
CO2: Articulate the basic concepts, key technologies,
strength and limitation of cloud computing and possible
applications.
CO3: Appraise the architecture and infrastructure of cloud
computing including SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, UCaaS/FaaS public
cloud, private cloud and hybrid cloud.
CO4: Interpret various data, scalability, security and cloud
services to acquire efficient database for cloud storage.
CO5: Develop the appropriate cloud computing solutions
and recommendations according to the application used.
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Cloud Computing &
Distributed Systems

Contents
1. Introduction to Distributed
System
2. Examples of distributed
systems
3. Trends in distributed
Systems
4. Types of System Models:
Physical models
5. Architectural models
6. Fundamental models

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Cloud Computing & Distributed Systems

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 1
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

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 Trends in Distributed Systems (CO-1)
Distributed systems are undergoing a period of significant change and this can be traced back
to a number of influential trends:

1. The emergence of pervasive networking technology

2. The emergence of ubiquitous computing coupled with the desire to support user mobility in
distributed systems

3. The increasing demand for multimedia services

4. The view of distributed systems as a utility

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 Internet
The modern Internet is a vast interconnected collection of computer networks of many different types, with the range of types
increasing all the time and now including, for example, a wide range of wireless communication technologies such as WiFi,
WiMAX, Bluetooth and third-generation mobile phone networks. The net result is that networking has become a pervasive
resource and devices can be connected (if desired) at any time and in any place.
The Internet is also a very large distributed system. It enables users, wherever they are, to make use of services such as the
World Wide Web, email and file transfer. (Indeed, the Web is sometimes incorrectly equated with the Internet.) The set of
services is open-ended – it can be extended by the addition of server computers and new types of service. The figure shows a
collection of intranets – subnetworks operated by companies and other organizations and typically protected by firewalls. The
role of a firewall is to protect an intranet by preventing unauthorized messages from leaving or entering. A firewall is
implemented by filtering incoming and outgoing messages. Filtering might be done by source or destination, or a firewall
might allow only those messages related to email and web access to pass into or out of the intranet that it protects. Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) are companies that provide broadband links and other types of connection to individual users and
small organizations, enabling them to access services anywhere in the Internet as well as providing local services such as
email and web hosting. The intranets are linked together by backbones. A backbone is a network link with a high transmission
capacity, employing satellite connections, fibre optic cables and other high-bandwidth circuits

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 Mobile and ubiquitous computing
Technological advances in device miniaturization and wireless networking have led increasingly to the integration of small and
portable computing devices into distributed systems. These devices include:
• Laptop computers.
• Handheld devices, including mobile phones, smart phones, GPS-enabled devices, pagers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), video
cameras and digital cameras.
• Wearable devices, such as smart watches with functionality similar to a PDA.
• Devices embedded in appliances such as washing machines, hi-fi systems, cars and refrigerators.
The portability of many of these devices, together with their ability to connect conveniently to networks in different places, makes
mobile computing possible. Mobile computing is the performance of computing tasks while the user is on the move, or visiting places
other than their usual environment. In mobile computing, users who are away from their ‘home’ intranet (the intranet at work, or
their residence) are still provided with access to resources via the devices they carry with them. They can continue to access the
Internet; they can continue to access resources in their home intranet; and there is increasing provision for users to utilize resources
such as printers or even sales points that are conveniently nearby as they move around. The latter is also known as location-aware or
context-aware computing. Mobility introduces a number of challenges for distributed systems, including the need to deal with variable
connectivity and indeed disconnection, and the need to maintain operation in the face of device mobility.
Ubiquitous computing is the harnessing of many small, cheap computational devices that are present in users’ physical environments,
including the home, office and even natural settings. The term ‘ubiquitous’ is intended to suggest that small computing devices will eventually
become so pervasive in everyday objects that they are scarcely noticed. That is, their computational behaviour will be transparently and
intimately tied up with their physical function.
The presence of computers everywhere only becomes useful when they can communicate with one another. For example, it may be
convenient for users to control their washing machine or their entertainment system from their phone or a ‘universal remote control’ device
in the home. Equally, the washing machine could notify the user via a smart badge or phone when the washing is done.
Ubiquitous and mobile computing overlap, since the mobile user can in principle benefit from computers that are everywhere. But they are
distinct, in general. Ubiquitous computing could benefit users while they remain in a single environment such as the home or a hospital.
Similarly, mobile computing has advantages even if it involves only conventional, discrete computers and devices such as laptops and printers.
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 Distributed Multimedia Systems

With the increasing maturity of distributed systems infrastructure, a number of companies are
promoting the view of distributed resources as a commodity or utility, drawing the analogy
between distributed resources and other utilities such as water or electricity. With this model,
resources are provided by appropriate service suppliers and effectively rented rather than
owned by the end user. This model applies to both physical resources and more logical
services

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 Summary
A distributed system is a network of independent computers that work together to achieve a common goal. Key
characteristics include scalability, fault tolerance, heterogeneity, and concurrency. Distributed systems offer advantages such
as resource sharing, reliability, improved performance, and flexibility. However, they also face challenges like communication
delays, consistency maintenance, fault detection, and security concerns.

Architectural models include client-server, peer-to-peer, and hybrid approaches. Communication in distributed systems
involves message passing, remote procedure calls (RPC), and publish-subscribe mechanisms. Use cases include distributed
file systems (e.g., Hadoop Distributed File System) and distributed databases (e.g., Apache Cassandra, MongoDB).

Consistency models like eventual consistency, strong consistency, and causal consistency govern how distributed systems
handle data coherence. Replication and load balancing are crucial for enhancing reliability and performance. Real-world
case studies showcase distributed systems' applications, such as Google's infrastructure and Amazon Web Services.

Looking ahead, future trends in distributed systems include edge computing for reduced latency, blockchain and distributed
ledgers for secure record-keeping, and serverless computing for executing functions without managing server infrastructure.
In conclusion, distributed systems play a vital role in modern computing, offering a balance of advantages and challenges
with ongoing innovations shaping their evolution.

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 QUIZ

1. A distributed system contains _____ nodes.

A. zero node
B. one node
C. two node
D. multiple node

2. All the nodes in distributed system communicate with each other and handle processes in tandem.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. Can be true or false
D. Can not say

3. The nodes in the distributed systems can be arranged in the form of?
A. client/server systems
B. peer to peer systems
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above

4. In which system, tasks are equally divided between all the nodes?
A. client/server systems
B. peer to peer systems
C. user to client system
D. All of the above

5. Which of the following is not an Advantages of Distributed Systems?

A. All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other
B. It can be scaled as required
C. Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system
D. Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one node to another 15
 REFERENCES
TEXT BOOKS
1. Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach by Toby Velte, Anthony Velte, Robert C. Elsenpeter, McGraw Hill Professional, 22 Oct 2009
2. Buyya, Rajkumar, James Broberg, and Andrzej M. Goscinski, eds. Cloud computing: Principles and paradigms. Vol. 87. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
3. Miller, Michael. Cloud computing: Web-based applications that change the way you work and collaborate online. Que publishing, 2008.
4. Hurwitz, Judith S., et al. Cloud computing for dummies. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
5. Kris Jamsa. Cloud Computing: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Virtualization, Business Models, Mobile, Security and more, Jones &Bartlet Learning Company LC, 20012
REFRENCE BOOKS
1. G. Pfister. In Search of Clusters. Prentice Hall PTR, NJ, 2nd Edition, NJ, 1998.
2. Cloud Computing: Implementation, Management, and Security, by John Rittinghouse and James F.Ransome, CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group
3. Joshy Joseph and Craig Fellenstein, Grid Computing, Person Edition, (2004).
4. Maozhen Li, Mark Baker, “The Grid Core Technologies”, John Wiley & Sons (2005).
5. Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach for Learning and Implementation Paperback – 1 January 2014 by Srinivasan, Pearson Education
Video Links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3FPxuKlnkU&list=PLFW6lRTa1g82dte3YD_7-GoZXcBiK6K9G
Web Links
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-a-distributed-system/
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-cloud-computing-and-distributed-computing/
3. https://www.ibm.com/topics/distributed-cloud
4. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cloud-computing/
5. https://learn.rumie.org/jR/bytes/learn-the-basics-of-cloud-computing-in-3-minutes/?
utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=RumieLearn-Bytes%20%28non-NA%29&utm_term=cloud%20computing&utm_content=TS 16
%20-%20Computing%20In%20Cloud%20Computing
THANK YOU