PA 217 Topic 2

GRAFT AND
CORRUPTION
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Wizam Sharief
Ivy Grace Pedalizo
Darlene Jane Tenorio
Raijam Talib
Datu Yzrayel Mangelen
Abolhassan Datu-Dacula
Romer Jr Antiporda
I- INTRODUCTION
Graft and corruption have long been recognized as pervasive social problems in
the Philippines, posing significant challenges to its development and governance.
These issues undermine trust in public institutions, erode the rule of law, hinder
economic progress, and perpetuate social inequalities. Despite efforts to address
them, graft and corruption continue to persist, manifesting in various forms
across different sectors of society. Understanding the nature and extent of these
problems is essential for implementing effective solutions and fostering a culture
of transparency and accountability.
GRAFT
Graft refers to the abuse of power
or position by an individual,
particularly a public official, for
personal gain or advantage. It
involves the exploitation of one's
authority, influence, or connections
for dishonest or unethical purposes,
often through bribery, extortion,
kickbacks, or other forms of illicit
enrichment.
CORRUPTION
Corruption is a broader term that
encompasses a range of unethical or
dishonest behaviors, including graft. It
refers to the misuse or abuse of
entrusted power or authority for
personal gain, whether for financial,
political, or other purposes.
Corruption can take various forms,
such as bribery, embezzlement,
nepotism, cronyism, favoritism,
patronage, and fraud.
Importance of Addressing Graft and
Corruption in the Philippines
Addressing graft and corruption in the Philippines is

crucial for promoting good governance and restoring
public trust in institutions. Corruption undermines
economic development by diverting resources away from
essential services and discouraging investment.
Additionally, combating corruption is essential for
upholding the rule of law, ensuring equitable access to
opportunities, and fostering a fair and just society.
II. Historical Context
of Graft and
Corruption in the
Philippines
II. Historical Context of Graft and
Corruption in the Philippines
A. Colonial Legacy C. Marcos Regime
During the colonial era, graft and corruption in the During the Marcos regime in the Philippines, graft
Philippines were largely intertwined with the and corruption reached unprecedented levels as
exploitative practices of colonial powers, Ferdinand Marcos consolidated power and
particularly Spain. centralized authority.
B. Post-Independence Era D. Post-Marcos Era

In the post-independence era of the Philippines, In the post-Marcos era of the Philippines, the country
graft and corruption continued to be prevalent faced the daunting task of rebuilding institutions and
issues, with politicians and government officials combating the entrenched culture of graft and
frequently implicated in corrupt activities. corruption left behind by the Marcos dictatorship.
III. Forms and Manifestations of
Graft and Corruption
III. Forms and Manifestations of Graft and Corruption
A. POLITICAL B. BUREAUCRATIC C. JUDICIAL D. CORPORATE E. GRASSROOTS

CORRUPTION CORRUPTION CORRUPTION CORRUPTION CORRUPTION
Corporate corruption in
Political corruption in Bureaucratic corruption Judicial corruption in the the Philippines Grassroots corruption in
the Philippines manifests in the Philippines takes Philippines manifests in encompasses a range of the Philippines refers to
in various forms, various forms, including various ways, including illicit activities within the corrupt practices
including vote-buying, bribery, extortion, red bribery, influence private sector, including occurring at the local or
election fraud, and the tape, and favoritism peddling, and collusion bribery, fraud, community level, often
abuse of power for within government among judges, lawyers, embezzlement, and involving interactions
personal or political agencies. and litigants collusion among between citizens and
gain. businesses and low-level government
. government officials. officials or service
providers.
IV. Impact of Graft and Corruption
The impacts of graft and corruption in the Philippines are far-reaching and
profound, affecting various aspects of society, economy, and governance.
Economically, corruption diverts public funds away from essential services
and infrastructure projects, hindering economic growth and perpetuating
poverty. Socially, corruption exacerbates inequality by favoring the
wealthy and well-connected, eroding public trust in institutions, and
fostering a sense of injustice and disillusionment among the populace.
V. Factors
Contributing to
Graft and
Corruption
V. Factors Contributing to Graft and Corruption
A. Weak Legal Framework
The legal framework refers to the system of laws, regulations, and institutions governing a country's governance and anti-corruption efforts.
B. Lack of Transparency and Accountability

The lack of transparency and accountability refers to the absence of open and accountable governance practices within institutions and
processes.
C. Poverty and Inequality

Poverty and inequality contribute to graft and corruption in the Philippines by creating conditions where individuals may resort to corruption
as a means of survival or to access basic services.
D. Culture of Impunity
The culture of impunity in the Philippines refers to the prevailing belief or practice that those in power can act without fear of punishment or
accountability for their actions.
E. Political Patronage
Political patronage in the Philippines involves the exchange of favors, resources, or positions in exchange for political support or loyalty.
VI. Current
Issues and Cases
of Graft and
Corruption in the
Philippines
VI. Current Issues and Cases of Graft and Corruption in the Philippines
A. High-profile Corruption Scandals
High-profile corruption scandals in the Philippines refer to instances where prominent individuals, often government officials or politicians, are involved in illicit
activities such as embezzlement, bribery, or abuse of power.
B. Corruption in Government Agencies

Corruption in government agencies in the Philippines remains a significant and persistent issue, characterized by bribery, extortion, and nepotism among public
officials.
C. Role of the Judiciary in Fighting Corruption

The role of the judiciary in fighting corruption in the Philippines is critical but often fraught with challenges .
D. International Perception and Rankings

International perception and ranking of graft and corruption in the Philippines play a significant role in shaping the country's global reputation and attracting
foreign investment.
E. Anti-Corruption Efforts and Reforms
Anti-corruption efforts and reforms in the Philippines are ongoing and multifaceted, aimed at addressing the pervasive issue of graft and corruption in the country.
VII. Challenges and
Opportunities in
Combating Graft and
Corruption
VII. Challenges and Opportunities in Combating Graft and Corruption
A. INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
Institutional reforms represent both a challenge and an opportunity to combat graft and corruption in the
Philippines. The challenge lies in overcoming entrenched systems and vested interests that perpetuate corrupt
practices within government
B. STRENGTHENING LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Strengthening the legal framework presents both challenges and opportunities in combating graft and
corruption in the Philippines. Challenges include addressing deficiencies in existing laws, such as loopholes and
inadequate penalties, as well as ensuring consistent enforcement across all levels of government.
C. ENHANCING TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS

Enhancing transparency and accountability mechanisms offers both challenges and opportunities in combating
graft and corruption in the Philippines. Challenges include overcoming resistance from corrupt actors who benefit
from opacity and lack of accountability, as well as addressing systemic issues such as weak enforcement and limited
access to information.
VII. Challenges and Opportunities in Combating Graft and Corruption
D. EMPOWERING CIVIL SOCIETY AND MEDIA

Empowering civil society and media presents both challenges and opportunities in combating graft and corruption in
the Philippines. Challenges include overcoming restrictions on press freedom, threats to the safety of journalists and
activists, and addressing the politicization or co-option of civil society organizations.
E. PROMOTING ETHICAL LEADERSHIP

Promoting ethical leadership presents both challenges and opportunities in combating graft and corruption in the
Philippines. Challenges include overcoming entrenched systems of patronage, nepotism, and cronyism that
incentivize unethical behavior among political leaders
The social problem of graft and corruption in the Philippines is
deeply ingrained, posing significant challenges to the
VIII. country's development and governance. It undermines trust in
public institutions, erodes the rule of law, hinders economic
progress, and perpetuates social inequalities. Despite
Conclusion ongoing efforts to address these issues, graft and corruption
persist across various sectors of society, manifesting in
political, bureaucratic, judicial, corporate, and grassroots
contexts.

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GRAFT AND

Addressing graft and corruption in the Philippines is

B. Post-Independence Era D. Post-Marcos Era

A. POLITICAL B. BUREAUCRATIC C. JUDICIAL D. CORPORATE E. GRASSROOTS

B. Lack of Transparency and Accountability

C. Poverty and Inequality

B. Corruption in Government Agencies

C. Role of the Judiciary in Fighting Corruption

D. International Perception and Rankings

B. STRENGTHENING LEGAL FRAMEWORK

C. ENHANCING TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS

D. EMPOWERING CIVIL SOCIETY AND MEDIA

E. PROMOTING ETHICAL LEADERSHIP

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