1 Null Alternative Hypothesis SPTC 1301 Q4 FPF

The Null and
Alternative
Hypotheses
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to
● properly define hypothesis testing;

● properly define a right-tailed, left-tailed, and two-
tailed test;
● correctly determine whether a right-tailed, left-
tailed, or two-tailed test is to be used for a certain
situation; and
● appropriately state null and alternative hypotheses
in words and symbols.
Essential Questions
● Why do we need to test claims?
● How does stating the null and alternative hypotheses help

us in hypothesis testing?
Warm Up!
Before we learn about statistical hypotheses, let us watch a

short animation entitled “Love in The Time of Advertising.”
(Click the link below.)
TheCGBros. “CGI 3D Animated Short Classic: ‘Love In The

Time Of Advertising’ - by Wolf and Crow.” YouTube video,
8:18. Posted 16 June 2017. Retrieved 01 October 2019 from
https://bit.ly/2KHskVh.
Guide Questions
● What was the story about?

● How did the woman respond to the advertisements on the
billboard?
● Give examples of current advertisements and their claims.
● Do you think these claims are true?
● Have you tested these claims before?
● Should you believe everything these ads are saying? Why?
Learn about It!
1 Hypothesis Testing
a statistical method of using sample data to determine the
probability that a given hypothesis about the population is true
Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

a. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
b.Determine the level of significance.
c. Calculate the test statistic and identify the rejection region.
d.Make a decision.
e. Draw a conclusion.
Learn about It!
2 Statistical Hypothesis
a statement about a population parameter
Example:
The daily mean number of patients in an emergency room is

74.
Learn about It!
3 Null Hypothesis
the hypothesis that is assumed to be true. It uses a relation
symbol with a statement of equality, such as and , and is
denoted by .
Example:
The average life expectancy of females is the same as the

average life expectancy of males. ()
Learn about It!
4 Alternative Hypothesis
the hypothesis that is contrary to the null hypothesis. It
uses a relation symbol with no statement of equality, such
as and , and is denoted by .
Example:
The average life expectancy of females is different from the

average life expectancy of males. ()
Learn about It!
5 Directional Test of Hypothesis or One-

tailed Test
a type of hypothesis test that makes use of only one side
or tail of the distribution. It can either be a right-tailed or
left-tailed test.
Learn about It!
6 Right-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test
that is used when an assertion is made that the parameter
falls within the positive end of the distribution. In a right-
tailed test, the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives
such as greater than, higher than, better than, superior to,
exceeds, above, increased, etc.
Learn about It!
Example:
The mean number of hours students spend studying after

school is at most 2.5 hours. ()

school is greater than 2.5 hours. ()
Learn about It!
7 Left-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test
that is used when an assertion is made that the parameter
falls within the negative end of the distribution. In a left-
such as less than, smaller than, inferior to, lower than, below,
decreased, etc.
Learn about It!
Example:

school is at least 2.5 hours. ()

school is less than 2.5 hours. ()
Learn about It!
8 Non-directional Test of Hypothesis

or Two-tailed Test
a type of hypothesis test that makes use of two opposite
sides or tails of the distribution. It is used when no
assertion is made on whether the parameter falls within
the positive or negative end of the distribution. In a two-
such as not equal to, different from, not the same as, etc.
Learn about It!
Example:

school is equal to 2.5 hours. ()

school is not 2.5 hours. ()
Learn about It!
9 Level of Significance
the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis in favor
of the alternative hypothesis when it is really true,
denoted by
In hypothesis testing, the researcher decides what level of

significance to use at the beginning of the test. Conventional
significance levels such as 0.05 and 0.01 are frequently used
in hypothesis testing because of the desire to maintain a low
probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually
true.
Learn about It!
Example:
A significance level of means that there is a 5% chance of

rejecting a true null hypothesis. In other words, we are 95%
confident that a right decision is made.
Learn about It!
10 Rejection Region
the set of values in which the null hypothesis is rejected
Try It!
Example 1: A researcher wants to test whether there is a

significant difference between the mean frequency of
exercise between young and old people. State the null and
alternative hypotheses.
Try It!
Solution:
Let and be the population mean frequency of exercise of
young and old people, respectively. The hypotheses can be
stated as:
There is no significant difference between the mean

frequency of exercise of young and old people. ()
There is a significant difference between the mean

frequency of exercise of young and old people. ()
Try It!
Example 2: A store owner wants to know if the daily average

number of customers in the clothing shop is greater than
246. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
Try It!
Solution:
Let be the population daily mean number of customers in
the clothing shop. The hypotheses can be stated as:
The daily mean number of customers in the clothing shop is

less than or equal to 246. ()
The daily mean number of customers in the clothing shop is

greater than 246. ()
Try It!
Example 3: A gym instructor wants to test if the weights of

his students are reduced after an exercise program. Before
the exercise program, the average weight of his students
was 145 lbs. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
Try It!
Solution:
Let μ be the population mean weight of the students after
the exercise program. The hypotheses can be stated as:
H0: The mean weight of the students after the exercise

program is at least 145 lbs. ( μ ≥ 145)
HA: The mean weight of the students after the exercise

program is less than 145 lbs. ( μ < 145)
Let’s Practice!
Individual Practice:
1. Researcher A claims that an average professional typist

has a mean typing speed of 75 words per minute.
Researcher B wants to test whether this claim is true. State
the null and alternative hypotheses.
Let’s Practice!
2. A teacher wants to test the claim that female students

have less absences compared to male students. State the
null and alternative hypotheses.
Let’s Practice!
3. A department head wants to test the claim that the daily

average water intake of each employee is greater than 1.3
liters. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
Let’s Practice!
Group Practice: To be done in groups of three or four
The owner of Brews Coffee Shop believes that an average of

500 customers per day visit their shop. Earlier in the month,
a competitor opened another coffee shop nearby. The owner
of Brews Coffee Shop would like to test whether there is a
decrease in the number of customers visiting their shop
daily. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
Let’s Practice!
Group Practice: To be done in groups of three or four
A researcher wants to know if there is a significant difference

between the mean number of math anxiety cases for
females and males. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
Key Points
Hypothesis Testing
1 a statistical method of using sample data to determine the probability that a given
hypothesis about the population is true
Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

a. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
b. Determine the level of significance.
c. Calculate the test statistic and identify the rejection region.
d. Make a decision.
e. Draw a conclusion.
Key Points
2 Statistical Hypothesis
a statement about a population parameter
3 Null Hypothesis
the hypothesis that is assumed to be true. It uses a relation symbol with a
statement of equality, such as and , and is denoted by .
4 Alternative Hypothesis
the hypothesis that is contrary to the null hypothesis. It uses a relation symbol with
no statement of equality, such as and , and is denoted by .
Key Points
5 Directional Test of Hypothesis or One-tailed Test

a type of hypothesis test that makes use of only one side or tail of the distribution.
It can either be a right-tailed or left-tailed test.
6 Right-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test that is used when an
assertion is made that the parameter falls within the positive end of the
distribution. In a right-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives
such as greater than, higher than, better than, superior to, exceeds, above, increased,
etc.
Key Points
7 Left-tailed Test
a type of directional test of hypothesis or one-tailed test that is used when an
assertion is made that the parameter falls within the negative end of the
distribution. In a left-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such
as less than, smaller than, inferior to, lower than, below, decreased, etc.
8 Non-directional Test of Hypothesis

or Two-tailed Test
a type of hypothesis test that makes use of two opposite sides or tails of the
distribution. It is used when no assertion is made on whether the parameter falls
within the positive or negative end of the distribution. In a two-tailed test, the
alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as not equal to, different from, not
the same as, etc.
Key Points
9 Level of Significance
the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative
hypothesis when it is really true, denoted by
10 Rejection Region
the set of values in which the null hypothesis is rejected
Synthesis
● What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
● What are some examples of claims in advertisements?
● What possible errors can be committed in hypothesis

testing?

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The Null and

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

● properly define hypothesis testing;

● Why do we need to test claims?

● How does stating the null and alternative hypotheses help

Before we learn about statistical hypotheses, let us watch a

(Click the link below.)

TheCGBros. “CGI 3D Animated Short Classic: ‘Love In The

● What was the story about?

Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

The daily mean number of patients in an emergency room is

The average life expectancy of females is the same as the

The average life expectancy of females is different from the

5 Directional Test of Hypothesis or One-

The mean number of hours students spend studying after

The mean number of hours students spend studying after

The mean number of hours students spend studying after

The mean number of hours students spend studying after

8 Non-directional Test of Hypothesis

The mean number of hours students spend studying after

The mean number of hours students spend studying after

In hypothesis testing, the researcher decides what level of

A significance level of means that there is a 5% chance of

Example 1: A researcher wants to test whether there is a

There is no significant difference between the mean

There is a significant difference between the mean

Example 2: A store owner wants to know if the daily average

The daily mean number of customers in the clothing shop is

The daily mean number of customers in the clothing shop is

Example 3: A gym instructor wants to test if the weights of

H0: The mean weight of the students after the exercise

HA: The mean weight of the students after the exercise

1. Researcher A claims that an average professional typist

2. A teacher wants to test the claim that female students

3. A department head wants to test the claim that the daily

Group Practice: To be done in groups of three or four

The owner of Brews Coffee Shop believes that an average of

Group Practice: To be done in groups of three or four

A researcher wants to know if there is a significant difference

Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

5 Directional Test of Hypothesis or One-tailed Test

8 Non-directional Test of Hypothesis

● What are the null and alternative hypotheses?

● What are some examples of claims in advertisements?

● What possible errors can be committed in hypothesis

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