Introduction to Operating

Systems

Eltimar Castro jr
[email protected]
Contents

1. Definition and Purpose of Operating Systems

2. Types of Operating Systems
3. Functions of an Operating System
4. Key Components of an Operating System
5. User Interface in Operating Systems
6. Process Management in Operating Systems
7. Memory Management in Operating Systems
8. File Systems in Operating Systems
9. Security in Operating Systems
10. Recent Developments in Operating Systems
11. Thank You
Definition and Purpose of Operating Systems

An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer

hardware and software resources and provides common
services. Its purpose is to enable user applications to
efficiently perform tasks by allocating system resources, such
as memory, processing power, and input/output devices. A
good operating system should also ensure security, manage
processes, memory, and files, and provide a user-friendly
interface.
Types of Operating Systems

There are several types of operating systems, including single-

user/multi-user, single-tasking/multi-tasking, and
real-time/interactive operating systems. Single-user OS allows
only one user to access the system at a time, while multi-user
OS supports concurrent user access. Single-tasking OS allows
only one task to run at a time, while multi-tasking OS enables
multiple tasks to run simultaneously. Real-time OS guarantees
timely response to input, while interactive OS allows user
interactions.
Functions of an Operating System
Resource Allocation and User Interface

Resource Allocation User Interface

An operating system manages resources such The user interface of an operating system
as CPU, memory, devices, and files. It enables users to interact with the computer. It
ensures fair and efficient allocation of provides a graphical or command-line
resources to different processes and users. It interface for executing commands and
also handles resource conflicts and prioritizes accessing files and applications. The user
tasks based on their importance. interface should be intuitive and user-
friendly to enhance the user experience.
Key Components of an Operating System
Kernel, Device Drivers, File System, and Utilities

1 Kernel 2 Device Drivers

The kernel is the core component of an operating system, Device drivers facilitate communication between hardware
responsible for managing system resources, scheduling devices and the operating system. They provide the necessary
processes, and providing essential services. It acts as an instructions for the operating system to control and utilize
intermediary between hardware and software. hardware devices effectively.

3 File System 4 Utilities

The file system organizes and stores data on storage devices. Utilities are software tools provided by the operating system
It manages the creation, deletion, and organization of files to perform various system management tasks. They include
and directories. It ensures data integrity, access control, and programs for system maintenance, file management, network
efficient storage allocation. configuration, and security enhancement.
User Interface in Operating Systems
Command-Line and Graphical User Interfaces

1 Command-Line Interface

A command-line interface allows users to interact with the operating system by typing commands. It provides direct control over
the system, enabling advanced tasks and scripting. However, it requires users to have knowledge of specific commands and
syntax.

2 Graphical User Interface

A graphical user interface (GUI) uses graphical elements, such as windows, icons, and menus, to provide a visual representation
of the operating system. It offers an intuitive and user-friendly way to interact with the system, suitable for beginners and casual
users.

3 Touchscreen Interface

Some operating systems, primarily designed for mobile devices, support touchscreen interfaces. Touch gestures, such as tapping,
swiping, and pinching, allow users to interact directly with the screen, providing a more natural and engaging experience.
Process Management in Operating Systems

Process management involves the creation, scheduling, and

termination of processes in an operating system. The operating
system allocates resources, such as CPU time and memory, to
processes to ensure efficient execution. It also manages
process synchronization and communication, preventing
conflicts and facilitating cooperation between processes.
Memory Management in Operating Systems
Memory Hierarchy, Virtual Memory, and Paging

1 Memory Hierarchy 2 Virtual Memory

Memory hierarchy consists of different levels of memory, Virtual memory allows the operating system to use secondary
including cache, main memory, and secondary storage. The storage (such as hard disk) as an extension of main memory.
operating system manages memory allocation and movement It provides a larger addressable memory space and allows
between these levels to optimize performance. efficient memory sharing among multiple processes.

3 Paging 4 Memory Protection

Paging is a memory management technique that divides Memory protection ensures that each process can only access
physical memory into fixed-size chunks called pages. It its allocated memory regions. It prevents unauthorized access
allows memory allocation in non-contiguous blocks, reducing and safeguards system stability and security.
external fragmentation and improving memory utilization.
File Systems in Operating Systems
File Organization, Access Methods, and File Permissions

File Organization Access Methods File Permissions

File organization refers to how files Access methods define how files can File permissions control the access
are structured and stored on storage be accessed and modified by users rights of users and processes to files.
devices. Common file organization and processes. Common access They specify who can read, write, or
methods include sequential, indexed, methods include sequential access, execute a file. File permissions
and hashed organization. Each direct access, and indexed access. ensure data security and prevent
method has different trade-offs in The choice of access method unauthorized access or modification.
terms of retrieval speed and storage depends on the type of data and the
efficiency. desired performance.
Security in Operating Systems
Authentication, Authorization, and Encryption

1 Authentication

Authentication verifies the identity of users or processes before granting access to system resources. Common authentication
methods include passwords, biometric authentication, and cryptographic tokens.

2 Authorization

Authorization determines the privileges and access rights of users or processes. It ensures that only authorized entities can
perform specific operations or access certain resources. Access control lists and role-based access control are commonly used
authorization mechanisms.

3 Encryption

Encryption protects data confidentiality by encoding it into an unreadable format. Operating systems use encryption algorithms
and keys to encrypt sensitive data, preventing unauthorized access or tampering.
Recent Developments in Operating Systems

Operating systems continue to evolve with advancements in

technology. Recent developments include the rise of cloud-
based operating systems, virtualization technologies, and
improved security measures. Cloud-based operating systems
allow users to access applications and data through the
internet, offering flexibility and scalability. Virtualization
technologies enable multiple operating systems to run
concurrently on a single physical machine, optimizing
resource utilization. Improved security measures, such as
sandboxing and secure boot, enhance system protection
against malware and unauthorized access.
Thank You!