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ARISTOT E L I A N V S .
G A L IL E A N C O N C E P T O F
V E R T I C A L , HO R I Z ON TA L AN D P R O J E C T I L E M OT I ON PHYSIC A L S C IE N C E OBJECTIVE: • ARISTOTLE AND GALILEO’S OPPOSING VIEWS REGARDING MOTION. • DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL MOTION AND VIOLENT MOTION. • COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE ARISTOTELIAN AND GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS OF VERTICAL MOTION, HORIZONTAL MOTION, AND PROJECTILE MOTION. MOTION •IT IS THE MOVEMENT OR CHANGE IN LOCATION OF OBJECT OVERTIME. IT IS OFTEN DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF DIRECTION, LOCATION AND SPEED. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR THE LEARNERS (BIL )
•ARISTOTLE AND GALILEO WERE TWO OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT HISTORICAL FIGURES IN PHYSICS. ARISTOTLE’S THEORY ON MOTION • ARISTOTLE WAS CONSIDERED WAS THE MOST OUTSTANDING PHILOSOPHER-SCIENTIST OF HIS TIME IN ANCIENT GREECE. • HE EXPLAINED THE BEHAVIOR OF AN OBJECT. • FOR ARISTOTLE, A NON-MEASURABLE FORCE EXISTED WITHIN AN OBJECT COMPELLED IT TO BEHAVE IN A CERTAIN MANNER. • HE DEFINED MOTION AS THE ACTUALITY OF A POTENTIALITY. ARISTOTLE DIVIDED MOTION INTO TWO MAIN CLASSES: NATURAL MOTION AND VIOLENT MOTION NATURAL MOTION VIOLENT MOTION • ARISTOTLE THOUGHT THAT NATURAL MOTION • CAUSED BY PUSHING OR PULLING ON PROCEEDS FROM THE “NATURE” OF AN OBJECT OBJECTS. WHICH DEPEND ON THE COMBINATION OF FOUR ELEMENTS—WATER, EARTH, FIRE AND AIR. EXAMPLE:
• IN HIS VIEW, EVERY OBJECT IN THE UNIVERSE HAS a. PUSHING A CART OR LIFTING A HEAVY A PROPER PLACE, DETERMINED BY THIS WEIGHT IMPOSED MOTION. “NATURE”. b. THE WIND IMPOSED MOTION ON SHIPS BY EXAMPLE: PUSHING ITS SAIL. A FEATHER BEING A MIXTURE OF EARTH AND AIR c. FLOODWATERS IMPOSED IT IN BOULDES BUT PREDOMINANTLY EARTH, PROPERLY FALLS TO AND DEBRIS. THE GROUND, BUT NOT AS RAPIDLY AS A LUMP OF CLAY. GALILEO’S INVESTIGATION ON MOTION GALILEO SHOWED THAT PHYSICS SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED BY EXPERIMENT RATHER THAN LOGIC. GALILEO DISAGREED WITH THIS PRINCIPLE AND HE POSTULATED THAT IF THERE IS NO INTERFERENCE WITH A MOVING OBJECT, IT WILL KEEP MOVING IN STRAIGHT LINE FOREVER; NO PUSH, PULL, OR FORCE OF ANY KIND IS .NECESSARY ARISTOTLE AND GALILEO’S VIEW ON HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND PROJECTILE MOTION A. GALILEO’S INCLINED PLANE GALILEO USES THE INCLINED PLANE TO SCIENTIFICALLY EXPLAIN THE MOVEMENT OF OBJECT ALONG THE HORIZONTAL PLANE. B. FREE FALL IT IS A TYPE OF MOTION WHEREIN NO OTHER EXTERNAL FACTORS ASIDE FROM GRAVITY INFLUENCES THE ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT. •ARISTOTLE CONCLUDED THAT DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF OBJECTS IS DEPENDENT ON ITS MASS. Aristotle’s view on free-fall •GALILEO’S EXPERIMENT ON FREE-FALL IN THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA. HE WANTED TO PROVE THE RATE OF FALL OR ACCELERATION OF AN OBJECT IS INDEPENDENT OF THEIR MASS. SINCE FREE-FALL EXPERIMENT ARE DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE ACCURATELY, GALILEO USED AN INCLINED PLANE SET UP TO DETERMINE THAT THE OBJECT WILL ACCELERATE AT THE SAME RATE. TO PROVE HIS POINT, GALILEO TOOK TWO OBJECTS OF DIFFERENT WEIGHTS TO THE TOP OF TOWER OF PISA AND THREW THEM OFF OF THE TOP. WHEN BOTH OBJECTS HIT THE GROUND AT THE SAME TIME, HE HAD CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE THAT THE SYSTEM PROPOSED BY ARISTOTLE WAS INCORRECT. HIS BOOK, “TWO NEW SCIENCES” PUT THIS EVIDENCE INTO A DIALOGUE THAT ATTEMPTED TO EXPLAIN HIS LAWS OF MOTION OF FALLING OBJECT.
IN THE ABSENCE OF AIR RESISTANCE, ALL OBJECTS FALL WITH THE SAME CONSTANT ACCELERATION, G=9.8M/S² , THIS ACCELERATION IS CALLED THE ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY. GALILEO’S EXPERIMENT ON FREE-FALL C. PROJECTILE MOTION AN OBJECT, CALLED A PROJECTILE, MOVING ONLY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY IN A CURVED/PARABOLIC PATH OR TRAJECTORY IS SAID TO BE IN A PROJECTILE MOTION. ARISTOTLE’S NOTION ON OBJECT FOLLOWING A CERTAIN TRAJECTORY ACCORDING TO HIM, A CANNONBALL WHEN FIRED BY CANNON MOVES IN A STRAIGHT HORIZONTAL LINE BECAUSE OF A FORCE CALLED IMPETUS MADE IT MOVE. HE BELIEVED THAT THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT IS PARALLEL TO THE GROUND UNTIL IT IS THE OBJECT’S TIME TO FALL BACK INTO THE GROUND. AN IMPETUS WILL BE KEPT BY THE OBJECT UNTIL SUCH TIME THAT THE INITIAL FORCE IS FORGOTTEN, AND THE OBJECT RETURNS TO ITS NATURAL STATE TO STOP MOVING AND FALL TO THE GROUND. GALILEO’S EXPERIMENT ON PROJECTILE A PROJECTILE IS A COMBINATION OF UNIFORM MOTION IN THE HORIZONTAL DIRECTION AND UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION IN THE VERTICAL DIRECTION. IF IT IS NOT IMPEDED, IT WILL CONTINUE TO MOVE EVEN WITHOUT AN APPLIED FORCE. A PAGE FROM ONE OF GALILEO’S MANUSCRIPTS IN WHICH HE WRITES DOWN THE FIGURED HE OBTAINED IN PERFORMING THE EXPERIMENT HIMSELF. FIRST OF ALL, HE REASONED THAT A PROJECTILE SHOT FROM A CANNON IS NOT INFLUENCED BY ONLY ONE MOTION, BUT BY TWO—THE MOTION THAT ACTS VERTICALLY IS THE FORCE OF GRAVITY AND THIS PULLS THE PROJECTILE DOWN BY THE TIMED– SQUARED LAW. ARISTOTLE KEY POINTS ON MOTION: • MOTION CAN EITHER BE A NATURAL MOTION OR A VIOLENT MOTION.
• AN OBJECT WILL MOVE AND WILL EVENTUALLY RETURN TO ITS
NATURAL STATE, REFERRED AS THE NATURAL MOTION OF AN OBJECT.
• AN OBJECT WILL MOVE DUE TO AN EXTERNAL FORCE SUCH AS
PUSHING OR PULLING, REFERRED AS THE VIOLENT MOTION OF AN OBJECT.
• THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT IS PARALLEL TO THE GROUND,
REFERRED AS THE PROJECTILE MOTION OF AN OBJECT. GALILEO’S KEY POINTS BASED ON MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS: • AN OBJECT IN UNIFORM MOTION WILL TRAVEL AT A SPEED AND PROPORTIONAL TO THE TIME IT WILL TAKE TRAVEL;
• A UNIFORMLY ACCELERATING OBJECT WILL TRAVEL AT A SPEED
AND PROPORTIONAL TO SOME FACTOR OF TIME; AND
• AN OBJECT IN MOTION, IF UNIMPEDED, WILL CONTINUE TO BE IN
MOTION; AN EXTERNAL FORCE IS NOT NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN THE MOTION.
• GALILEO BELIEVED THAT A PROJECTILE IS A COMBINATION OF
UNIFORM MOTION IN THE HORIZONTAL DIRECTION AND UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION IN VERTICAL DIRECTION. That’s all☺️ Thank you💙!!
