Reproductive

System
Group 1
 Objecitves:
• Understand the significance and types of reproduction
• Mechanism of Reproduction
• Understanding Animal Reproductive Variations
• Recognizing the parts and functions of the Common and
Different Reproductive Organs that are present in the
Animal Phylum
• Assess the Diseases and Disorders present in Animal
Reproduction
REPRODUCTION
-is the biological process by which “offspring”
are produced from their “parent” or parents.
-Procreation continues the living of organisms.
-Improvement of living organisms’ variation of
individuals.

There are two main forms of reproduction:

● Sexual Reproduction
● Asexual Reproduction
 Two Main Forms of Reproduction

Sexual Asexual
• Does not involve gametes, instead
• Use of sex cells (gametes)
parts of a mature organisim may
• Involves the fusion of male and
develop to new individuals
female gametes to form zygote • Offspring is genetically identical to
• Genetic Variability
the parent
Mechanism of
Reproduction
Sexual
- Sexual reproduction involves two
parents. Each contributes a specialized
gamete (an egg or sperm); this fuse to
form the fertilized egg, or zygote.
- Fertilized the fusion of sperm and egg
may take place inside the body (Internal
Fertilization) or outside the body
(External Fertilization)
 Types of Sexual
Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
● The male generally delivers sperm
directly into the body of the female,
her moist tissues provide the watery
medium required for movement of
sperm.
EXAMPLE: Most terrestrial animals,
few fish, and some other aquatic
animals.
 Types of Sexual
Fertilization
External Fertilization
● Mating partners usually release eggs
and sperms into the water
simultaneously.
EXAMPLE: many fish, amphibians,
and other sexual aquatic animals use
external fertilization (the exceptions are
aquatic mammals, sharks, and other
special types of fish)
 Asexual
- In asexual reproduction, a single
parent splits, buds, or fragments to
give rise to two or more off spring
that have hereditary traits identical
with those of the parent.

- Types of Asexual Reproduction

 Binary Fission
 Budding
 Fragmentation
 01
Binary
Fission
 Seperation of the body into
two new bodies
 Common in single-celled
organism
 Ex. Sea anemone
 02
Budding
 A new organisms develop from as an
outgrowth from the parent body
known as a bud
 Once a grown, a new organisms
detaches from the parent body
 Ex. Cnidarians and tunicates
 03
Fragmentatio
n
 The parent body breaks into several
pieces which each piece grows into a
new individuals
 Ex. Flatworms
Reproductive
Variation
 Reproductive Variations
• Some animals show unique and tremendous diversity and
their methods of reproduction. even members of the same
class may differ markedly in their reproductive process.
A. Metagenesis – also known as “transformation
development”, who refers to an alternation of asexual and
sexual generations.
Example of Metagenesis
EXAMPLE: hydrozoan obelia, a polyp
generation gives rise by budding to a generation
of medusas. The motile medusa's produce
gametes and reproduce sexually, giving rise to a
new generation of polyps. Thus, there is
alternation of generation, polyp, medusa, polyp,
medusa, and so on.
 Reproductive Variations
B. Parthenogenesis – also known as a “virgin development”,
is a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg
develops into an adult animal. This occurs for several
generations after which meals develop, produce sperm, and
meet with females to fertilize their eggs. In some species,
parthenogenesis is advantageous in maintaining social order;
in others, it appears to be an adaptation for survival in times of
stressor when there is a serious decrease in population.
 Example of
Parthenogenesis
● EXAMPLE: Honeybees. The queen honey bee is inseminated
by a male during the “nuptial flight”. The sperm she receives
are stored in a little pouch connected with her genital tract but
closed off by a muscular valve. As the queen lays eggs, she
can either open this valve, permitting the sperm to escape and
fertilize the eggs, or keep the valve close so that the eggs
develop without fertilization. Generally, fertilization occurs in
the fall, and fertilized eggs are quiescent during the winter.
the fertilized eggs become females (queens and workers); the
unfertilized eggs become males (drones).
 Reproductive Variations
C. Hermaphroditism – means that a single organism
produces both eggs and sperm. Although this form of
reproduction is still classified as sexual, (since both
eggs and sperms are involved), it is an exception to
the important generalization that sexual reproduction
involves two different individuals.
 Example of
Hermaphroditism
● EXAMPLE: Earthworm.
most hermaphrodites do
not reproduce by self-
fertilization. Rather, as in
earthworms, two animals
copulate, and each
inseminates the other.
Common Parts
of Reproductive
System of
Animals
Reproductive System
-The details of the reproductive
process vary tremendously from
one organism to another, and so
some generalization were made
about animal reproductive systems
in order to understand its
variations.
Male Reproductive System
1. Male gonads (testis)
- In which sperm are produced
2. Sperm duct
- Used for the transport of sperm to
the exterior of the body
3. Penis
- The terminal part of the sperm
duct which opens on two or into a
copulatory organ
Female Reproductive
System
1. Female Gonad (Ovary)
- In which eggs are produced
2. Oviduct/Fallopian Tube
- A tube for the transport of egg
3. Vagina
- The terminal portion of the oviduct
responsible for the receiving of male
copulatory organ
 Mode of
Reproduction
System
Modes of Reproductive
1. Viviparous Animals
• A viviparous animal is one that
gives birth to live young. The
young are born from a womb and
not from eggs. The mother
provides food and oxygen to the
young inside her womb.
Modes of Reproductive
2. Oviparous Animals
• An oviparous animal is one
that lays eggs. The eggs are
typically fertilized by the male
before they are laid. Once the
eggs are laid, the parents
typically do not provide any
further care for the eggs or
young.
Modes of Reproductive
3. Ovoviviparous Animals
• In ovoviviparous animals, eggs are
retained inside the mother’s body
and hatch there. The young are born
live and retain their yolk sacs, which
provide them with nutrients until
they are able to digest other food.
This process is different from
viviparity, in which the young are
born live and do not have yolk sacs.
Reproductive
System
 Mammals
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Testes: Produce sperm and male sex hormones such as
testosterone.
● Scrotum: Houses the testes and helps regulate their temperature
for optimal sperm production.
● Epididymis: Stores and matures sperm before they are ejaculated.
● Vas Deferens: Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
during ejaculation.
 Mammals
● Seminal Vesicles: Produce fluid that nourishes and supports
sperm, contributing to semen.
● Prostate Gland: Produces a fluid that mixes with sperm and
seminal fluid to form semen, aiding in sperm motility and viability.
● Bulbourethral Glands: Produce a clear fluid that lubricates the
urethra and neutralizes acidity, preparing the urethra for the
passage of sperm.
● Penis: Organ responsible for delivering semen into the female
reproductive tract during sexual intercourse.
 Male Racoon
Human
 Mammals
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Function:
● Ovaries — There are 2 ovaries, 1 on each side of the uterus
where female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) are
produced, and eggs are stored to mature. Every month, an
egg is released. This is called ovulation.
● Fallopian tubes — these are 2 thin tubes that connect the
ovaries to the uterus, allowing the egg to travel to the uterus.
 Mammals
● Uterus (the womb) — the lining of the uterus thickens with blood
and other substances every month. If pregnancy occurs
● Cervix — this is the lower part of the uterus, that connects the uterus
to the vagina.
● Vagina — this is a muscular tube connecting the cervix to the outside
of the body.
● Labia: Surround and protect the opening of the vagina.
● Clitoris: Contains erectile tissue and nerve endings,
contributing to sexual arousal and orgasm.
● Breasts: Produce and release milk to nourish infants during
breastfeeding, supported by hormonal changes during
pregnancy.
 Female Racoon
Human
 Mammals
● Reproduction: Through the union of sperm and egg,
mammals reproduce sexually.
● Mechanism: fertilization takes place internally
● Mode: Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live
young. However, the five species of monotreme, the
platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes
have a sex determination system different from that of
most other mammals.
 Birds
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Testes: Produce sperm and male sex hormones necessary for
reproduction.
● Vas deferens: Transports sperm from the testes to the cloaca during
ejaculation.
● Cloaca: Common chamber where the reproductive, urinary, and digestive
systems meet; it serves as the site for mating and sperm transfer in birds.
● Spermatic duct: Transports sperm from the testes to the cloaca through
the vas deferens.
 Birds
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Accessory sex glands: Produce seminal fluid that nourishes and supports
sperm, aiding in their motility and viability.
● Phallus: Male reproductive organ in birds, used for transferring sperm
into the female's cloaca during copulation.
● Testosterone-producing glands: Produce testosterone, regulating
secondary sexual characteristics and behaviors related to reproduction.
● Cloacal protuberance: A swelling in the cloaca that indicates sexual
maturity in male birds and stores sperm before ejaculation.
 Birds
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Ovaries: Produce eggs (ova) and female sex hormones
essential for reproduction in birds.
● Oviduct: Site where eggs are fertilized, enclosed in
protective layers, and laid.
● Infundibulum: Captures and fertilizes eggs released from
the ovary, where fertilization typically occurs in birds.
● Magnum: Secretes the thick albumen, or egg white,
around the fertilized egg.
 Birds
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Isthmus: Adds the shell membranes to the developing egg.
● Uterus: Deposits the calcium carbonate shell around the
egg.
● Vagina: Allows passage of the egg from the uterus to the
outside of the bird's body during egg-laying.
● Cloaca: Common chamber where the reproductive,
urinary, and digestive systems meet; it serves as the site for
mating and egg laying in birds.
Birds

Rooster Hen
 Birds

● TYPE: Birds reproduce sexually

● MECHANISM: Birds are the animals in which fertilization
is internal but development of embryo takes place outside the
body.
● MODE: All birds are oviparous
 Reptiles
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Testes
● Vas deferens
● Cloaca:
● Hemipenes: Paired reproductive organs in male
snakes and lizards used to transfer sperm into the
female's cloaca during copulation.
 Reptiles
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Spermatic duct

● Accessory sex glands

● Testosterone-producing glands

● Cloacal protuberance
 Reptiles
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Ovaries
● Oviduct: Site where eggs are fertilized, enclosed in
protective layers, and laid in reptiles.
● Infundibulum: Captures and fertilizes eggs released from
the ovary, where fertilization typically occurs in reptiles.
● Magnum
 Reptiles
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Isthmus
● Uterus
● Vagina
● Cloaca
 Male & Female Lizard

Male Snake.

Female Snake
 Reptiles
● Type: Most reptiles reproduce through sexual
reproduction
● Mechanism: Most reptiles reproduce
sexually and have internal fertilization.
● Mode: Most reptiles are oviparous.
Amphibians
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Testes
● Vas deferens
● Cloaca
● Spermatheca
 Amphibians
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
 Spermatic duct
 Accessory sex glands
 Cloacal glands: Secrete lubricating mucus during copulation
to facilitate sperm transfer in male amphibians.
 Nuptial pads: Specialized pads on the male's forelimbs used
to grip onto the female during mating.
 Amphibians
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Ovaries
● Oviduct
● Cloaca
● Spermatheca: Stores sperm received during
mating for later fertilization of eggs in female
amphibians.
 Amphibians
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Spermatheca
● Uterus
● Vagina
● Cloacal glands
● Ovipositor: Specialized organ in some female
amphibians used to deposit eggs into suitable
environments for development.
Male and Female Frog
 Amphibians
● TYPE: Amphibians reproduce sexually

● Mechanism: fertilization is external

● Mode: Oviparous animals

 Fish
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Testes
● Sperm Ducts (Vas deferens)
● Spermatic Papilla: This is the external opening through
which sperm are released. It is typically located near the anal
opening or on the ventral side of the fish.
● Accessory Glands
● Urogenital Opening: This opening serves as the exit point
for both urine and sperm in many fish species.
 Fish
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Gonopodium (in some species): In certain
species of fish, such as some livebearers like
guppies and swordtails, the male possesses a
modified anal fin called a gonopodium, which is
used for internal fertilization of females.
 Fish
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Ovaries: Produce eggs (ova) and female sex hormones essential
for reproduction in female fishes.
● Oviduct: Site where eggs are fertilized and enclosed in
protective layers in female fishes.
● Urogenital opening: Common chamber where urine and
reproductive products are expelled in female fishes.
● Spermatheca: Storage organ for sperm received during mating,
used for fertilization of eggs in some female fishes.
 Fish
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Ovipositor: Specialized organ used by some female fishes to deposit
eggs into suitable environments for development.
● Genital papilla: Fleshy protuberance near the anus of some female fishes
used for egg deposition during spawning.
● Cloaca: Common chamber where the reproductive, urinary, and digestive
systems meet; it serves as the site for mating and egg release in fishes.
● Vagina: Passage through which eggs travel from the oviduct to the
urogenital opening for external fertilization in some female fishes.
Male and Female Rohu Fish
 Fish
● TYPE: Nearly all fish reproduce sexually

● MECHANISM: Fertilization is generally external

● MODE: fishes are oviparous animals

 Insects
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Testes
● Vas deferens
● Ejaculatory duct: Transfers sperm from the vas deferens to
the aedeagus during mating.
● Aedeagus: Male reproductive structure used to transfer
sperm into the female during copulation.
● Accessory glands
 Insects
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Spermatophore: Package containing sperm cells
produced by some male insects and transferred to the
female during mating.
● Genitalia: External reproductive organs including the
aedeagus, claspers, or other specialized structures
used for mating.
● Cloaca
 Insects
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Ovaries
● Oviducts
● Spermatheca
● Genital opening: Site where sperm received during mating
is stored and where eggs are laid.
● Accessory glands
 Insects
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Ovipositor: Specialized organ used by some
female insects to deposit eggs into suitable
environments for development.
● Cloaca
● Vagina
Male and Female Apterygote
 Insects
● TYPE: Most insects reproduce by sexual
reproduction

● MECHANISM: internal fertilization

● MODE: Most insects reproduce oviparously

 Arachnids
• Arachnids are a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals in the
phylum Arthropoda. They include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and
mites, among others.
Parts of Male Arachnid:
● Testes: Organs that produce sperm.
● Pedipalps: Appendages modified for transferring sperm to
the female during copulation.
● Genital opening: Opening through which sperm is released
during copulation
 Arachnids
Parts of Female Arachnid:
● Ovaries: Organs that produce eggs (ova).
● Spermathecae: Specialized structures for
storing sperm received during mating.
● Genital opening: Opening through which
sperm is received during copulation and eggs
are laid.
Male Spider. Female Spier
 Arachnids
● TYPE: Sexual Reproduction

● MECHANISM: internal fertilization

● MODE: oviparous
 Mollusks
• any of a large phylum (Mollusca) of invertebrate animals
(such as snails, clams, or squids) with a soft unsegmented
body usually enclosed in a calcareous shell. broadly :
shellfish.
Parts of Male Mollusk:
● Testes
● Vas deferens
● Penis (in some species)
● Gonopores: External openings through which sperm are
released.
 Mollusks
Parts of Female Mollusk:
● Ovaries
● Oviducts
● Vagina
● Gonopores: External openings through which eggs
are expelled.
Male Octopus Female Octopus
 Mollusks
● Type of Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction
● Mechanism of Reproduction: Internal
fertilization
● Mode of Reproduction: ovoviviparous
 Echinoderms
• any of the marine invertebrate animals constituting the
phylum Echinodermata, characterized by tube feet, a
calcite body-covering (test), and a five-part symmetrical
body.
MALE:
● Testes
● Sperm ducts.
● Genital pores
 Echinoderms
MALE PARTS

● Gonads: In addition to producing sperm, male gonads may also produce

pheromones and other chemicals to attract females for mating. The
gonads play a crucial role in the reproductive process of male
echinoderms.
● Tube feet: In some echinoderms, modified tube feet called "gonopores"
may be involved in the transfer of sperm during mating. These
specialized tube feet facilitate the transfer of sperm from the male to the
female during reproductive activities.
 Echinoderms
FEMALE:
● Ovaries
● Oviducts
● Genital pores: In many echinoderms, including sea stars and
sea urchins, genital pores are small openings through which
gametes (eggs and sperm) are released into the water for
external fertilization.
● Gonads: In addition to producing eggs, the gonads of female
echinoderms can also produce pheromones and other
chemicals to attract sperm for fertilization.
Male Sea Urchin Female Sea Urchin
Echinoderms

● TYPE: Sexual Reproduction

● MECHANISM: External Fertilization
● MODE: oviparous
 Annelids
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Testes: Organs that produce sperm within the male annelid's
reproductive system.
● Seminal vesicles: Store and nourish sperm cells before ejaculation
in male annelids.
● Vas deferens: Tubes that transport sperm from the testes to the
male reproductive opening during copulation.
● Ejaculatory duct: Passageway through which sperm are expelled
from the vas deferens to the exterior during mating.
 Annelids
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Spermathecae: Structures where sperm are stored after copulation,
allowing for delayed fertilization in some species.
● Accessory glands: Produce secretions that support and protect
sperm during ejaculation.
● Clitellum: Specialized glandular structure involved in sperm
transfer and cocoon production during reproduction.
● Male reproductive opening: External opening through which
sperm are transferred to the female during mating in annelids.
 Annelids
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Ovaries: Organs that produce eggs within the female annelid's
reproductive system.
● Oviducts: Tubes that transport eggs from the ovaries to the female
reproductive opening for fertilization.
● Spermathecae: Structures where sperm are stored after copulation,
allowing for delayed fertilization in some species.
● Seminal receptacles: Organs that receive and store sperm from mating,
facilitating fertilization of eggs.
● Accessory glands: Produce secretions that support and protect eggs
during fertilization and development.
 Annelids
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Parts and Functions:
● Clitellum: Specialized glandular structure involved in cocoon
production and egg fertilization during reproduction.
● Female reproductive opening: External opening through which
eggs are released and where sperm may be received during mating
in annelids.
● Cocoon: Protective structure produced by the female annelid to
encase fertilized eggs, providing a safe environment for
development.
Male Earthworm
Female Earthworm
 Annelids
● TYPE: Most species of annelids can reproduce both
asexually and sexually. However, leeches can reproduce only
sexually. Asexual reproduction may occur by budding or
fission. Sexual reproduction varies by species.
● MECHANISM: the worms separate and lay eggs, which are
fertilized externally by the sperm.
● MODE: Oviparous
 Nematode
● any of a major group of long cylinder-shaped worms that are parasites in
animals or plants or live in soil or water. called also roundworm.
MALE
● Testes: Organs that produce sperm.
● Vas deferens: Tubes that carry sperm.
● Spicules: Tiny structures used to transfer sperm to the female during
mating.
● Copulatory apparatus: Includes structures like gubernaculum and cloaca,
which help in mating and transferring sperm.
● Gonads: Produce sperm and may release chemicals to attract females.
 Nematode
FEMALE
● Ovaries: These make eggs.
● Oviducts: Tubes that carry eggs.
● Vulva: Where eggs come out.
● Uterus: Holds eggs before they come out.
● Gonads: Help make eggs and attract males.
Male and Female Roundworms
 Nematode
● TYPE: Sexual Reproduction (some
nematodes also have the ability to reproduce
asexually through parthenogenesis.)
● MECHANISM: Internal Fertilization
● MODE: ovoviviparous
 Platyhelminthes
• Platyhelminthes are invertebrate organisms with a flat, soft body. The
Platyhelminthes common name is "flatworms". The majority of
Platyhelminthes are parasitic, meaning they rely on other organisms for a
food source, but some are capable of free living.
MALE:

● Testes: These are the primary reproductive organs responsible for producing
sperm cells.
● Vas deferens: Tubes that carry sperm from the testes to the outside of the
body.
● Penis: In some species, male flatworms possess a specialized structure called
a penis, which is used to transfer sperm to the female during mating.
 Platyhelminthes
● Copulatory apparatus: This includes various structures involved in
mating and sperm transfer, such as spines, hooks, or protrusions.
● Gonads: These are responsible for producing sperm and may also release
chemicals to attract females.

FEMALE:
● Ovaries: Flatworms have paired ovaries, which are responsible for
producing eggs.
● Oviducts: After eggs are produced in the ovaries, they pass through
oviducts, which are tubular structures that transport the eggs to the
outside of the body.
 Platyhelminthes
FEMALE:
● Genital pore: This is the external opening through which eggs are
released from the female's body. It serves as the exit point for eggs to be
laid.
● Uterus (in some species): Some flatworms have a uterus, which is a
structure where fertilization and embryonic development may occur
before eggs are laid.
● Gonads: These are reproductive organs that produce eggs and release
chemical signals to attract males for mating.
Male and Female Planarians
 Platyhelminthes
●
TYPES: Flatworms, or platyhelminthes, primarily reproduce
sexually. However, they also have the ability to reproduce
asexually through methods such as fragmentation and
regeneration.
● MECHANISM: Flatworms exhibit a variety of reproductive
strategies, including both internal and external fertilization,
depending on the species.
● MODE: ovoviviparous/oviparous
 Cnidarians
• Cnidarians have two basic body forms, medusa and polyp.
Medusae, such as adult jellyfish, are free-swimming or
floating. They usually have umbrella-shaped bodies and
tetramerous (four-part) symmetry. The mouth is usually on the
concave side, and the tentacles originate on the rim of the
umbrella.

Parts of Male Cnidarian:

● Gonads: Structures responsible for producing sperm.
● Sperm: Male gametes produced by the gonads.
 Cnidarians
Parts of Female Cnidarian:
● Gonads: Structures responsible for producing eggs (ova).
● Gonozooids (in colonial species): Specialized individuals
within colonies that may be dedicated to reproductive
functions.
● Eggs: Female gametes produced by the gonads.
Male and Female Hydra
 Cnidarians
● TYPE: Cnidarians primarily reproduce sexually, meaning
they require both male and female gametes (sperm and
eggs) for fertilization. However, some cnidarians can also
reproduce asexually through methods such as budding or
fission.
● MECHANISM: Cnidarians typically engage in external
fertilization, where both sperm and eggs are released into
the water.
● MODE: oviparous
 Poriferans
• Poriferans, commonly known as sponges, have a relatively simple
body structure without distinct male and female individuals. Instead,
they are hermaphroditic, meaning they possess both male and female
reproductive organs within the same individual. Here's the
breakdown:
Parts of Poriferan (Sponge):
● Choanocytes (Collar Cells): These are specialized cells lining the inner
surface of the sponge. They play a role in feeding and reproduction,
including sperm production in males and egg capture in females.
 Poriferans
Type of Reproduction:
● Poriferans reproduce both sexually and asexually, although
sexual reproduction is less common. Sexual reproduction
involves the fusion of gametes produced by choanocytes
within the same sponge or between different sponges.
Asexual reproduction, on the other hand, occurs through
budding or fragmentation, where new individuals develop
from a parent sponge.
 Poriferans
Mechanism of Reproduction:
● Asexual Reproduction: Budding and fragmentation involve the growth of
new sponges from existing individuals without the involvement of gametes.
This process can occur internally within the same sponge or externally if a
fragment detaches and develops into a new sponge.
● Sexual Reproduction: External Fertilization involves when sponges release
sperm cells into the water, which are then captured by choanocytes in nearby
sponges. Once captured, the sperm fertilize egg cells within the same sponge
or in neighboring sponges.

Mode of Reproduction
● All known Hexactinellida and Calcarea are ovoviviparous
 Common
Diseases in
Reproductive
System
Common Diseases
● Infectious diseases: These are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
They can affect any part of the reproductive system, from the genitals to the
uterus. Some common infectious diseases of the reproductive system include
brucellosis, leptospirosis, and trichomoniasis.
● Hormonal imbalances: Hormones play an important role in reproduction. An
imbalance of hormones can prevent ovulation, fertilization, or implantation.
Some common hormonal imbalances that can affect reproduction include ovarian
cysts, luteal insufficiency, and hyperthyroidism.
● Nutritional deficiencies: Animals that are deficient in certain nutrients may have
difficulty reproducing. For example, a deficiency in vitamin A can lead to
infertility.
Common Diseases
● Congenital abnormalities: These are abnormalities that are
present at birth. They can affect any part of the reproductive
system, and can make it difficult or impossible for an animal
to reproduce.
● Environmental toxins: Exposure to environmental toxins,
such as pesticides or herbicides, can damage the reproductive
system and lead to infertility.
● Cancer: Cancer can affect any part of the body, including the
reproductive system. Cancer of the reproductive system can
make it difficult or impossible for an animal to reproduce.
QUIZ ;)
Joke :P