5 Disk Scheduling

Operating Systems
Lecture 5: Disk Scheduling
William M. Mongan
Maxim Shevertalov
Jay Kothari
*This lecture was derived from material in the Operating System
Concepts, 8th Edition textbook and accompanying slides. Contains
Copyrighted Material
Some slides adapted from the text and are copyright: 2009 Silbershatz, Galvin
and Gagne, All Rights Reserved
Lec 5 Operating Systems 1

Review: Scheduling Policy
Goals/Criteria
• Minimize Response Time
• Minimize elapsed time to do an operation (or job)
• Response time is what the user sees:
» Time to echo a keystroke in editor
» Time to compile a program
» Real-time Tasks: Must meet deadlines imposed by World
• Maximize Throughput
• Maximize operations (or jobs) per second
• Throughput related to response time, but not identical:
» Minimizing response time will lead to more context switching than if you only maximized
throughput
• Two parts to maximizing throughput
» Minimize overhead (for example, context-switching)
» Efficient use of resources (CPU, disk, memory, etc)
• Fairness
• Share CPU among users in some equitable way
• Fairness is not minimizing average response time:
» Better average response time by making system less fair
Recap: Scheduling (1)
• Scheduling: selecting a waiting process from the ready
queue and allocating the CPU to it
• FCFS Scheduling
• Round-Robin Scheduling
• Shortest Job First (SJF)/Shortest Remaining Time First

(SRTF)
• Multi-Level Feedback Scheduling
• Lottery Scheduling

Disk Performance
• Response Time = Queue time + Service Time

• Service Time = Controller + Seek + Rotation +
Transfer
• Latency factors
– Software paths, Hardware controller, Disk media
• Queueing
– Latency goes up as disk utilization approaches 100%
• Achieve highest bandwidth when transferring a
large group of blocks sequentially from one track

Chapter 12: Mass-Storage
Systems
• Overview of Mass Storage Structure
• Disk Structure
• Disk Attachment
• Disk Scheduling
• Disk Management
• Swap-Space Management
• RAID Structure
• Disk Attachment
• Stable-Storage Implementation
• Tertiary Storage Devices
• Operating System Support
• Performance Issues

Objectives
• Describe the physical structure of secondary and

tertiary storage devices and the resulting effects
on the uses of the devices
• Explain the performance characteristics of mass-

storage devices
• Discuss operating-system services provided for

mass storage, including RAID and HSM

Thread Queues
• When thread is not Ready
running, its TCB is
in a scheduler Head TCB TCB TCB
queue Tail
– Separate queues for
each Disc
NULL
device/signal/condition Head
– Each queue can have
different scheduling Tail NULL
policy
Ether
Head TCB
Tail

Filesystem
• What do we want?

Filesystem
• OS Layer that presents blocks of data stored on a drive
as files, directories
• File systems:
– Manage translation from User view to System view
– Provide security, durability, reliability
– Naming interface
• System view (sys call)
– Collection of bytes/sectors
– No idea how the data is stored on disk
• System view (Kernel)
– Collection of blocks
– Block size is greater than sector size: UNIX => 4KB block
– Files are collections of blocks

Access Patterns
• Need to optimize for most common accesses

Access Patterns
• Need to optimize for most common accesses

• Sequential Access: (majority)
– read in order
• Random Access: (an important minority)
– read from middle of file
• Content-based Access:
– Search based access
– Important for database applications

Usage Patterns
• Need to optimize for common file types

Usage Patterns
• Need to optimize for common file types

• Small files: (majority)
• Large files: (minority)
– Use up most of the disk space
• Is this still true?
• Is it changing?

Overview of Mass Storage
Structure
• Magnetic disks provide bulk of secondary storage of modern
computers
– Drives rotate at 60 to 200 times per second
– Transfer rate is rate at which data flow between drive and
computer
– Positioning time (random-access time) is time to move disk arm to
desired cylinder (seek time) and time for desired sector to rotate
under the disk head (rotational latency)
– Head crash results from disk head making contact with the disk
surface
• That’s bad
• Disks can be removable
• Drive attached to computer via I/O bus
– Busses vary, including EIDE, ATA, SATA, USB, Fibre Channel, SCSI
– Host controller in computer uses bus to talk to disk controller
built into drive or storage array

Moving-head Disk Mechanism

Hard Drives
• Sector: Smallest element
– OS transfers groups of sectors called blocks
• Can access any block directly (Random Access)
• Can access files randomly or sequentially
• More sectors on outer tracks
• Speed varies with track location
• What is our goal?
• What are the problems?

Overview of Mass Storage Structure
(Cont)
• Magnetic tape
– Was early secondary-storage medium
– Relatively permanent and holds large quantities of data
– Access time slow
– Random access ~1000 times slower than disk
– Mainly used for backup, storage of infrequently-used data,
transfer medium between systems
– Kept in spool and wound or rewound past read-write head
– Once data under head, transfer rates comparable to disk
– 20-200GB typical storage
– Common technologies are 4mm, 8mm, 19mm, LTO-2 and
SDLT

Disk Structure
• Disk drives are addressed as large 1-dimensional

arrays of logical blocks, where the logical block is
the smallest unit of transfer
• The 1-dimensional array of logical blocks is mapped

into the sectors of the disk sequentially
– Sector 0 is the first sector of the first track on the outermost
cylinder
– Mapping proceeds in order through that track, then the rest
of the tracks in that cylinder, and then through the rest of the
cylinders from outermost to innermost

Disk Attachment
• Host-attached storage accessed through I/O ports

talking to I/O busses
• SCSI itself is a bus, up to 16 devices on one cable,
SCSI initiator requests operation and SCSI targets
perform tasks
– Each target can have up to 8 logical units (disks attached to
device controller
• FC is high-speed serial architecture
– Can be switched fabric with 24-bit address space – the basis
of storage area networks (SANs) in which many hosts attach
to many storage units
– Can be arbitrated loop (FC-AL) of 126 devices

Network-Attached Storage
• Network-attached storage (NAS) is storage made
available over a network rather than over a local
connection (such as a bus)
• NFS and CIFS are common protocols
• Implemented via remote procedure calls (RPCs)
between host and storage
• New iSCSI protocol uses IP network to carry the
SCSI protocol

Storage Area Network
• Common in large storage environments (and
becoming more common)
• Multiple hosts attached to multiple storage arrays -
flexible

Disk Performance
• Response Time =

Disk Performance
• Response Time = Queue time + Service Time

– Latency factors
• Software paths
• Hardware controller
• Disk media
• Queueing
– Latency goes up as disk utilization approaches 100%
What contributes to Service Time

Service Time
• Service Time = Controller + Seek + Rotation +

Transfer
• Controller: Process the request
• Seek: Position the head/arm over the proper
cylinder
• Rotation: Wait for the requested sector to rotate
under the head
• Transfer: Transfer a block of bits from the drive to
the system
• Achieve highest bandwidth when transferring a

large group of blocks sequentially from one track
Queue Delay (Scheduling)
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k
H a
b k
c
j
d
h f
g
e
i

Animation: Click here to advance; right click the content to replay
Disk Scheduling
• The operating system is responsible for using

hardware efficiently — for the disk drives, this means
having a fast access time and disk bandwidth
• Access time has two major components
– Seek time is the time for the disk are to move the heads to the
cylinder containing the desired sector
– Rotational latency is the additional time waiting for the disk to
rotate the desired sector to the disk head
• Minimize seek time
• Seek time  seek distance
• Disk bandwidth is the total number of bytes
transferred, divided by the total time between the
first request for service and the completion of the last
transfer
Disk Scheduling (Cont)
• Several algorithms exist to schedule the servicing

of disk I/O requests
• We illustrate them with a request queue (0-199)
98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
Head pointer 53

FCFS
Illustration shows total head movement of 640 cylinders

SSTF
• Selects the request with the minimum seek time

from the current head position
• SSTF scheduling is a form of SJF scheduling; may
cause starvation of some requests
• Illustration shows total head movement of 236
cylinders

SSTF (Cont)

SCAN
• The disk arm starts at one end of the disk, and

moves toward the other end, servicing requests
until it gets to the other end of the disk, where the
head movement is reversed and servicing
continues.
• SCAN algorithm Sometimes called the elevator
algorithm
• Illustration shows total head movement of 208
cylinders

SCAN (Cont.)

C-SCAN
• Provides a more uniform wait time than SCAN

• The head moves from one end of the disk to the
other, servicing requests as it goes
– When it reaches the other end, however, it immediately
returns to the beginning of the disk, without servicing any
requests on the return trip
• Treats the cylinders as a circular list that wraps
around from the last cylinder to the first one

C-SCAN (Cont)

C-LOOK
• Version of C-SCAN
• Arm only goes as far as the last request in each
direction, then reverses direction immediately,
without first going all the way to the end of the disk

C-LOOK (Cont)

Selecting a Disk-Scheduling
Algorithm
• SSTF is common and has a natural appeal
• SCAN and C-SCAN perform better for systems that
place a heavy load on the disk
• Performance depends on the number and types of
requests
• Requests for disk service can be influenced by the
file-allocation method
• The disk-scheduling algorithm should be written as a
separate module of the operating system, allowing it
to be replaced with a different algorithm if necessary
• Either SSTF or LOOK is a reasonable choice for the
default algorithm

Linux Scheduling Algorithms
• The Linus Elevator

• Deadline Scheduling
• Anticipatory Scheduling
• Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ)
• Noop Scheduler
http://linuxkernel2.atw.hu/ch13lev1sec5.html
• Noop Scheduler
– Basic FCFS scheduler – all it does is keep the requests
sorted by sector number
– Good for random-access block devices
• Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ)
– Sort by sector number, but maintain process-level fairness by
keeping a separate sorted queue for each process
– Service those queues round robin, with a quantum (ensures
that each process will be served I/O every so often, i.e. for
buffering purposes)
• The Linus Elevator
– Sort by sector number, but check to see if some requests are
getting starved (aging)
• If so, queue the request at the end, not in sorted order
• Deadline Scheduling
– Reads block processes, as opposed to writes (typically), so
mandate that reads be served within 500 ms, and writes
within 5 seconds
• If something expires, start serving those requests in sorted order
• Otherwise, keep 3 queues: reads, writes, sorted order
• Anticipatory Scheduling
– Same as above, but wait ~6ms for new requests to maintain
the sort
– Risky (could lose that time if no new requests), but we hedge
our bets by playing the numbers (due to locality)
Disk Management
• Low-level formatting, or physical formatting — Dividing a

disk into sectors that the disk controller can read and
write
• To use a disk to hold files, the operating system still
needs to record its own data structures on the disk
– Partition the disk into one or more groups of cylinders
– Logical formatting or “making a file system”
– To increase efficiency most file systems group blocks into clusters
• Disk I/O done in blocks
• File I/O done in clusters
• Boot block initializes system
– The bootstrap is stored in ROM
– Bootstrap loader program
• Methods such as sector sparing used to handle bad blocks

Booting from a Disk in Windows
2000

Swap-Space Management
• Swap-space — Virtual memory uses disk space as

an extension of main memory
• Swap-space can be carved out of the normal file
system, or, more commonly, it can be in a separate
disk partition
• Swap-space management
– 4.3BSD allocates swap space when process starts; holds
text segment (the program) and data segment
– Kernel uses swap maps to track swap-space use
– Solaris 2 allocates swap space only when a page is forced
out of physical memory, not when the virtual memory page is
first created

Data Structures for Swapping on Linux
Systems

RAID Structure
• RAID – multiple disk drives provides reliability via

redundancy
• Increases the mean time to failure
• Frequently combined with NVRAM to improve write

performance
• RAID is arranged into six different levels

RAID (Cont)
• Several improvements in disk-use techniques involve the use of
multiple disks working cooperatively
• Disk striping uses a group of disks as one storage unit
• RAID schemes improve performance and improve the reliability of

the storage system by storing redundant data
– Mirroring or shadowing (RAID 1) keeps duplicate of each disk
– Striped mirrors (RAID 1+0) or mirrored stripes (RAID 0+1) provides high
performance and high reliability
– Block interleaved parity (RAID 4, 5, 6) uses much less redundancy
• RAID within a storage array can still fail if the array fails, so
automatic replication of the data between arrays is common
• Frequently, a small number of hot-spare disks are left
unallocated, automatically replacing a failed disk and having
data rebuilt onto them

RAID Levels

RAID (0 + 1) and (1 + 0)

Extensions
• RAID alone does not prevent or detect data

corruption or other errors, just disk failures
• Solaris ZFS adds checksums of all data and
metadata
• Checksums kept with pointer to object, to detect if
object is the right one and whether it changed
• Can detect and correct data and metadata
corruption
• ZFS also removes volumes, partititions
– Disks allocated in pools
– Filesystems with a pool share that pool, use and release
space like “malloc” and “free” memory allocate / release
calls

ZFS Checksums All Metadata and
Data

Traditional and Pooled Storage

Stable-Storage Implementation
• Write-ahead log scheme requires stable storage
• To implement stable storage:

– Replicate information on more than one nonvolatile storage
media with independent failure modes
– Update information in a controlled manner to ensure that we
can recover the stable data after any failure during data
transfer or recovery

Tertiary Storage Devices
• Low cost is the defining characteristic of tertiary

storage
• Generally, tertiary storage is built using removable

media
• Common examples of removable media are floppy

disks and CD-ROMs; other types are available

Removable Disks
• Floppy disk — thin flexible disk coated with
magnetic material, enclosed in a protective plastic
case
– Most floppies hold about 1 MB; similar technology is used for

removable disks that hold more than 1 GB
– Removable magnetic disks can be nearly as fast as hard
disks, but they are at a greater risk of damage from exposure

Removable Disks (Cont.)
• A magneto-optic disk records data on a rigid platter

coated with magnetic material
– Laser heat is used to amplify a large, weak magnetic field to
record a bit
– Laser light is also used to read data (Kerr effect)
– The magneto-optic head flies much farther from the disk
surface than a magnetic disk head, and the magnetic
material is covered with a protective layer of plastic or glass;
resistant to head crashes
• Optical disks do not use magnetism; they employ

special materials that are altered by laser light

WORM Disks
• The data on read-write disks can be modified over

and over
• WORM (“Write Once, Read Many Times”) disks can
be written only once
• Thin aluminum film sandwiched between two glass
or plastic platters
• To write a bit, the drive uses a laser light to burn a
small hole through the aluminum; information can
be destroyed by not altered
• Very durable and reliable
• Read-only disks, such ad CD-ROM and DVD, com
from the factory with the data pre-recorded

Tapes
• Compared to a disk, a tape is less expensive and

holds more data, but random access is much slower
• Tape is an economical medium for purposes that do
not require fast random access, e.g., backup copies
of disk data, holding huge volumes of data
• Large tape installations typically use robotic tape
changers that move tapes between tape drives and
storage slots in a tape library
– stacker – library that holds a few tapes
– silo – library that holds thousands of tapes
• A disk-resident file can be archived to tape for low
cost storage; the computer can stage it back into
disk storage for active use

Operating System Support
• Major OS jobs are to manage physical devices and

to present a virtual machine abstraction to
applications
• For hard disks, the OS provides two abstraction:

– Raw device – an array of data blocks
– File system – the OS queues and schedules the interleaved
requests from several applications

Application Interface
• Most OSs handle removable disks almost exactly like

fixed disks — a new cartridge is formatted and an
empty file system is generated on the disk
• Tapes are presented as a raw storage medium, i.e., and
application does not not open a file on the tape, it
opens the whole tape drive as a raw device
• Usually the tape drive is reserved for the exclusive use
of that application
• Since the OS does not provide file system services, the
application must decide how to use the array of blocks
• Since every application makes up its own rules for how
to organize a tape, a tape full of data can generally only
be used by the program that created it

Tape Drives
• The basic operations for a tape drive differ from

those of a disk drive
• locate() positions the tape to a specific logical
block, not an entire track (corresponds to seek())
• The read position() operation returns the logical
block number where the tape head is
• The space() operation enables relative motion
• Tape drives are “append-only” devices; updating a
block in the middle of the tape also effectively
erases everything beyond that block
• An EOT mark is placed after a block that is written

File Naming
• The issue of naming files on removable media is

especially difficult when we want to write data on a
removable cartridge on one computer, and then use
the cartridge in another computer
• Contemporary OSs generally leave the name space
problem unsolved for removable media, and depend
on applications and users to figure out how to
access and interpret the data
• Some kinds of removable media (e.g., CDs) are so
well standardized that all computers use them the
same way

Hierarchical Storage Management
(HSM)
• A hierarchical storage system extends the storage

hierarchy beyond primary memory and secondary
storage to incorporate tertiary storage — usually
implemented as a jukebox of tapes or removable
disks
• Usually incorporate tertiary storage by extending
the file system
– Small and frequently used files remain on disk
– Large, old, inactive files are archived to the jukebox
• HSM is usually found in supercomputing centers
and other large installations that have enormous
volumes of data

Speed
• Two aspects of speed in tertiary storage are

bandwidth and latency
• Bandwidth is measured in bytes per second

– Sustained bandwidth – average data rate during a large
transfer; # of bytes/transfer time
Data rate when the data stream is actually flowing
– Effective bandwidth – average over the entire I/O time,
including seek() or locate(), and cartridge switching
Drive’s overall data rate

Speed (Cont)
• Access latency – amount of time needed to locate data
– Access time for a disk – move the arm to the selected cylinder and
wait for the rotational latency; < 35 milliseconds
– Access on tape requires winding the tape reels until the selected
block reaches the tape head; tens or hundreds of seconds
– Generally say that random access within a tape cartridge is about
a thousand times slower than random access on disk
• The low cost of tertiary storage is a result of having
many cheap cartridges share a few expensive drives
• A removable library is best devoted to the storage of
infrequently used data, because the library can only
satisfy a relatively small number of I/O requests per hour

Reliability
• A fixed disk drive is likely to be more reliable than

a removable disk or tape drive
• An optical cartridge is likely to be more reliable

than a magnetic disk or tape
• A head crash in a fixed hard disk generally destroys

the data, whereas the failure of a tape drive or
optical disk drive often leaves the data cartridge
unharmed

Cost
• Main memory is much more expensive than disk storage
• The cost per megabyte of hard disk storage is

competitive with magnetic tape if only one tape is used
per drive
• The cheapest tape drives and the cheapest disk drives

have had about the same storage capacity over the
years
• Tertiary storage gives a cost savings only when the

number of cartridges is considerably larger than the
number of drives

Price per Megabyte of DRAM, From 1981 to
2004

Price per Megabyte of Magnetic Hard Disk, From 1981
to 2004

Price per Megabyte of a Tape Drive, From
1984-2000

Chapter 13: I/O Systems
• I/O Hardware
• Application I/O Interface
• Kernel I/O Subsystem
• Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations
• STREAMS
• Performance

Objectives
• Explore the structure of an operating system’s I/O

subsystem
• Discuss the principles of I/O hardware and its
complexity
• Provide details of the performance aspects of I/O
hardware and software

I/O Hardware
• Incredible variety of I/O devices

• Common concepts
– Port
– Bus (daisy chain or shared direct access)
– Controller (host adapter)
• I/O instructions control devices
• Devices have addresses, used by
– Direct I/O instructions
– Memory-mapped I/O

A Typical PC Bus Structure

Device I/O Port Locations on PCs
(partial)

Polling
• Determines state of device
– command-ready
– busy
– Error
• Busy-wait cycle to wait for I/O from device

Interrupts
• CPU Interrupt-request line triggered by I/O device
• Interrupt handler receives interrupts
• Maskable to ignore or delay some interrupts
• Interrupt vector to dispatch interrupt to correct

handler
– Based on priority
– Some nonmaskable
• Interrupt mechanism also used for exceptions

Interrupt-Driven I/O Cycle

Intel Pentium Processor Event-Vector
Table

Direct Memory Access
• Used to avoid programmed I/O for large data
movement
• Requires DMA controller
• Bypasses CPU to transfer data directly between I/O

device and memory

Six Step Process to Perform DMA
Transfer

Application I/O Interface
• I/O system calls encapsulate device behaviors in

generic classes
• Device-driver layer hides differences among I/O
controllers from kernel
• Devices vary in many dimensions
– Character-stream or block
– Sequential or random-access
– Sharable or dedicated
– Speed of operation
– read-write, read only, or write only

A Kernel I/O Structure

Characteristics of I/O Devices

Block and Character Devices
• Block devices include disk drives

– Commands include read, write, seek
– Raw I/O or file-system access
– Memory-mapped file access possible
• Character devices include keyboards, mice, serial

ports
– Commands include get(), put()
– Libraries layered on top allow line editing

Network Devices
• Varying enough from block and character to have

own interface
• Unix and Windows NT/9x/2000 include socket

interface
– Separates network protocol from network operation
– Includes select() functionality
• Approaches vary widely (pipes, FIFOs, streams,

queues, mailboxes)

Clocks and Timers
• Provide current time, elapsed time, timer
• Programmable interval timer used for timings,

periodic interrupts
• ioctl() (on UNIX) covers odd aspects of I/O such

as clocks and timers

Blocking and Nonblocking I/O
• Blocking - process suspended until I/O completed

– Easy to use and understand
– Insufficient for some needs
• Nonblocking - I/O call returns as much as available

– User interface, data copy (buffered I/O)
– Implemented via multi-threading
– Returns quickly with count of bytes read or written
• Asynchronous - process runs while I/O executes

– Difficult to use
– I/O subsystem signals process when I/O completed

Two I/O Methods
Synchronou Asynchronous
s

Kernel I/O Subsystem
• Scheduling
– Some I/O request ordering via per-device queue
– Some OSs try fairness
• Buffering - store data in memory while transferring

between devices
– To cope with device speed mismatch
– To cope with device transfer size mismatch
– To maintain “copy semantics”

Device-status Table

Sun Enterprise 6000 Device-Transfer
Rates

Kernel I/O Subsystem
• Caching - fast memory holding copy of data

– Always just a copy
– Key to performance
• Spooling - hold output for a device

– If device can serve only one request at a time
– i.e., Printing
• Device reservation - provides exclusive access to a

device
– System calls for allocation and deallocation
– Watch out for deadlock

Error Handling
• OS can recover from disk read, device unavailable,

transient write failures
• Most return an error number or code when I/O

request fails
• System error logs hold problem reports

I/O Protection
• User process may accidentally or purposefully

attempt to disrupt normal operation via illegal I/O
instructions
– All I/O instructions defined to be privileged
– I/O must be performed via system calls
• Memory-mapped and I/O port memory locations must be
protected too

Use of a System Call to Perform
I/O

Kernel Data Structures
• Kernel keeps state info for I/O components,

including open file tables, network connections,
character device state
• Many, many complex data structures to track

buffers, memory allocation, “dirty” blocks
• Some use object-oriented methods and message

passing to implement I/O

UNIX I/O Kernel Structure

I/O Requests to Hardware
Operations
• Consider reading a file from disk for a process:
– Determine device holding file

– Translate name to device representation
– Physically read data from disk into buffer
– Make data available to requesting process
– Return control to process

Life Cycle of An I/O Request

STREAMS
• STREAM – a full-duplex communication channel between

a user-level process and a device in Unix System V and
beyond
• A STREAM consists of:

- STREAM head interfaces with the user process
- driver end interfaces with the device
- zero or more STREAM modules between them.
• Each module contains a read queue and a write queue
• Message passing is used to communicate between

queues
The STREAMS Structure

Performance
• I/O a major factor in system performance:
– Demands CPU to execute device driver, kernel I/O code

– Context switches due to interrupts
– Data copying
– Network traffic especially stressful

Intercomputer Communications

Improving Performance
• Reduce number of context switches

• Reduce data copying
• Reduce interrupts by using large transfers, smart
controllers, polling
• Use DMA
• Balance CPU, memory, bus, and I/O performance for
highest throughput

Device-Functionality Progression

Animation: Click here to advance; right click the content to replay
RAID: Redundant Arrays of
Inexpensive DIsks
• RAID 1: Full Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3 Disk 4 Disk 5
mirroring/Shadowing
– Most Expensive D0 D1 D2 D3 P0
– Bandwidth sacrifice: 1 write =
D4 D5 D6 P1 D7
2
– To recover simply swap out a D8 D9 P2 D10 D11
disk, can be hot swappable
• RAID 5+: High I/O Rate D12 P3 D13 D14 D15
Parity
– Stripped across multiple disks
P4 D16 D17 D18 D19
D20 D21 D22 D23 P5
P0 = D0 ⊗ D1 ⊗ D2 ⊗ D3

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Operating Systems

Lecture 5: Disk Scheduling

Lec 5 Operating Systems 1

• Shortest Job First (SJF)/Shortest Remaining Time First

• Multi-Level Feedback Scheduling

Lec 5 Operating Systems 3

• Response Time = Queue time + Service Time

Lec 5 Operating Systems 4

Lec 5 Operating Systems 5

• Describe the physical structure of secondary and

• Explain the performance characteristics of mass-

• Discuss operating-system services provided for

Lec 5 Operating Systems 6

Lec 5 Operating Systems 7

Lec 5 Operating Systems 8

Lec 5 Operating Systems 9

• Need to optimize for most common accesses

Lec 5 Operating Systems 10

• Need to optimize for most common accesses

Lec 5 Operating Systems 11

• Need to optimize for common file types

Lec 5 Operating Systems 12

• Need to optimize for common file types

Lec 5 Operating Systems 13

Lec 5 Operating Systems 14

Lec 5 Operating Systems 15

Lec 5 Operating Systems 16

Lec 5 Operating Systems 17

• Disk drives are addressed as large 1-dimensional

• The 1-dimensional array of logical blocks is mapped

Lec 5 Operating Systems 18

• Host-attached storage accessed through I/O ports

Lec 5 Operating Systems 19

Lec 5 Operating Systems 20

Lec 5 Operating Systems 21

Lec 5 Operating Systems 22

• Response Time = Queue time + Service Time

What contributes to Service Time

Lec 5 Operating Systems 23

• Service Time = Controller + Seek + Rotation +

• Achieve highest bandwidth when transferring a

Lec 5 Operating Systems 25

• The operating system is responsible for using

• Several algorithms exist to schedule the servicing

98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67

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• Selects the request with the minimum seek time

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• The disk arm starts at one end of the disk, and

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• Provides a more uniform wait time than SCAN

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• The Linus Elevator